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Jefferson City, Missouri

Coordinates: 38°34′04″N 92°10′33″W / 38.56778°N 92.17583°W / 38.56778; -92.17583
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"Jefferson City" redirects here. For other uses, see Jefferson City (disambiguation).

Jefferson City
State capital
Flag of Jefferson City
Flag
Official seal of Jefferson City
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Jeff City, JC, JCMO [1]
U.S. Census Map
U.S. Census Map
Jefferson City is located in Missouri
Jefferson City
Jefferson City
Location within Missouri
Jefferson City is located in the United States
Jefferson City
Jefferson City
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 38°34′04″N 92°10′33″W / 38.56778°N 92.17583°W / 38.56778; -92.17583
Country United States
State Missouri
Counties
Founded1821
Incorporated1825
Named forThomas Jefferson
Government
[2][3]
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorRon Fitzwater
 • AdministratorBrian Crane
Area
[4]
 • State capital37.65 sq mi (97.51 km2)
 • Land36.05 sq mi (93.38 km2)
 • Water1.60 sq mi (4.13 km2)
Elevation
[5]
630 ft (192 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • State capital43,228
 • Estimate 
(2023)[6]
42,552
 • Density1,198.98/sq mi (462.93/km2)
 • Metro
149,807
DemonymJefferson Citian
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
65101-65111
Area code573
FIPS code29-37000[7]
GNIS ID758233[5]
Websitejeffersoncitymo.gov

Jefferson City, informally Jeff City,[1] is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri. It had a population of 43,228 at the 2020 census,[8] ranking as the 16th most populous city in the state.[9] It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in the state. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into adjacent Callaway County.

Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), the third President of the United States, 1801-1809, and earlier major author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States on July 4, 1776. He also served several diplomatic posts overseas in Europe and was the first U.S. Secretary of State (1790-1793) in the first President's Cabinet of George Washington, and subsequently the second Vice President (1797-1801) under second chief executive John Adams.

Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri, that is roughly mid-way between the state's two large urban areas of Kansas City to the west and St. Louis in the east (along the west bank of the Mississippi River). It is 29 miles (47 km) south of Columbia, Missouri, and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland, one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest. The city is dominated by the monumental domed Missouri State Capitol, which rises from a bluff overlooking the nearby Missouri River to the north; Lewis and Clark with their Corps of Discovery passed the bluff here on their historic expedition upriver in 1804, eventually journeying westward to the Pacific Northwest region and the Pacific Ocean, before Europeans or Americans established any settlement there.

Many of Jefferson City's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries. Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University, a public historically black and federal land-grant university founded the year after the American Civil War in 1866, by the Union Army black veterans of the First Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry & 62nd Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops with support from the Second Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry / 65th Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops.

History

[edit]
Further information: Missouri State Capitol Historic District
See also: Missouri State Penitentiary and 1870 Missouri State Colored People's Educational Convention
Sketch of Jefferson City from the 1860s
Missouri State Penitentiary
Parade on "New Capitol Day", October 6, 1924, to celebrate the dedication of the newly constructed Missouri State Capitol[10]
Photograph of Jefferson City and its geography from the International Space Station

In pre-Columbian times, this region was home of an ancient people known only as the "Mound Builders", being replaced by Osage Native Americans. In the late 17th century, frontiersmen started to inhabit the area, including Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, Louis Jolliet, Jacques Marquette, Robert de LaSalle, and Daniel Boone, with the latter having the greatest influence on the region. Famed Western explorer and settler Daniel Boone's son, Daniel Morgan Boone (1769-1839), would later lay out and plat Jefferson City in the early 19th century.

When the Missouri Territory was organized in 1812, St. Louis was Missouri's seat of government for the territorial governor and territorial legislature. Later St. Charles would serve as the next capital town of the old Territory. However, Jefferson City was chosen as the new state capital in 1821, after Missouri was admitted to the Union as the 24th State. The village on the southern banks of the Missouri River, first was called "Lohman's Landing", and when the new state legislature decided to relocate there, they proposed the name "Missouriopolis" before settling on the city of "Jefferson" to honor former third President Thomas Jefferson (who was still living at his Virginia home estate of Monticello for the next five years).[11][12] Over the years, the city was most often referred to as "Jefferson City" and the common name stuck. For years, this village was little more than a trading post located in the wilderness about midway between St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1825, the settlement was incorporated as a town / city and a year later, the state legislature of the General Assembly of Missouri, moved to and first met in Jefferson City.

Jefferson City was also chosen by the lawmakers as the site of a state prison. This prison, named the Missouri State Penitentiary, opened in 1836. This prison was the unfortunate home to multiple infamous Americans, including former heavyweight boxing champion Sonny Liston, Martin Luther King Jr. assassin James Earl Ray, and infamous 1930s bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd.

During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Jefferson City was occupied by Union / Federal troops and the elected state legislature of the General Assembly were driven from Jefferson City by Union Army General Nathaniel Lyon (1818-1861). Some of the rebelling legislators later reconvened in nearby Neosho and passed an ordinance of secession from the Federal Union. Missouri was claimed by both the southern Confederacy and the Federal Union of the remaining United States, as was neighboring border state of Kentucky to the east, also split by the impending conflict of civil war. Missourians were strongly divided and many people in the state—especially in St. Louis—supported the Union, while other areas of the state (such as Missouri's Little Dixie) were strongly pro-Confederate further west along the Missouri River between Jefferson City and Kansas City.

German immigrants created vineyards in small towns on either side of the Missouri River, especially on the north from the city east to Marthasville, located outside of St. Louis. Known as the "Missouri Rhineland" for its vineyards and first established by German immigrants in the mid-1800s, this region has become part of Missouri's agricultural and tourist economy.

2019 tornado

[edit]
See also: Tornado outbreak of May 2019

Approximately 15 minutes before midnight on May 22, 2019, a tornado emergency was issued for the Jefferson City area. Minutes later, a destructive EF-3[13] tornado caused extensive damage on the southwest side of the city.[14][15] At least 20 people were injured, but none were killed due to this tornado. The tornado originally touched down west of Eldon before heading its way to Jefferson City.[16]

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.58 square miles (97.33 km2), of which 35.95 square miles (93.11 km2) is land and 1.63 square miles (4.22 km2) is water.[17]

Climate

[edit]

Jefferson City has a humid continental climate (Dfa) with hot, rainy summers and cold winters. The city borders on having a humid subtropical climate but falls just short due to January having a mean temperature of 30 °F (−1 °C) which is below the 32 °F (0 °C) isotherm. Thunderstorms are common in both the spring and summer. Light snow is common during the winter, although about half of wintertime precipitation falls as rain.[18]

Climate data for Jefferson City WTP, Missouri (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 79
(26) 		89
(32) 		97
(36) 		96
(36) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		114
(46) 		111
(44) 		107
(42) 		96
(36) 		88
(31) 		79
(26) 		114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 65.3
(18.5) 		71.7
(22.1) 		79.8
(26.6) 		85.8
(29.9) 		89.6
(32.0) 		93.8
(34.3) 		97.5
(36.4) 		97.6
(36.4) 		92.2
(33.4) 		86.4
(30.2) 		75.7
(24.3) 		68.3
(20.2) 		99.2
(37.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.6
(4.2) 		45.1
(7.3) 		55.5
(13.1) 		66.6
(19.2) 		75.2
(24.0) 		83.9
(28.8) 		88.0
(31.1) 		87.2
(30.7) 		79.9
(26.6) 		68.5
(20.3) 		55.1
(12.8) 		44.0
(6.7) 		65.7
(18.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 30.3
(−0.9) 		34.9
(1.6) 		44.6
(7.0) 		55.2
(12.9) 		64.9
(18.3) 		74.1
(23.4) 		78.3
(25.7) 		76.9
(24.9) 		69.0
(20.6) 		57.2
(14.0) 		45.0
(7.2) 		34.9
(1.6) 		55.4
(13.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.0
(−6.1) 		24.7
(−4.1) 		33.7
(0.9) 		43.8
(6.6) 		54.6
(12.6) 		64.3
(17.9) 		68.6
(20.3) 		66.6
(19.2) 		58.1
(14.5) 		45.8
(7.7) 		34.8
(1.6) 		25.7
(−3.5) 		45.1
(7.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 1.4
(−17.0) 		7.2
(−13.8) 		16.0
(−8.9) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		39.8
(4.3) 		52.7
(11.5) 		58.1
(14.5) 		56.1
(13.4) 		42.8
(6.0) 		29.8
(−1.2) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		7.9
(−13.4) 		−2.2
(−19.0)
Record low °F (°C) −23
(−31) 		−25
(−32) 		−16
(−27) 		13
(−11) 		24
(−4) 		38
(3) 		42
(6) 		41
(5) 		29
(−2) 		14
(−10) 		1
(−17) 		−24
(−31) 		−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.21
(56) 		2.30
(58) 		3.24
(82) 		4.78
(121) 		5.17
(131) 		4.20
(107) 		4.35
(110) 		4.13
(105) 		4.24
(108) 		3.44
(87) 		3.24
(82) 		2.30
(58) 		43.60
(1,107)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 2.9
(7.4) 		2.9
(7.4) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		2.5
(6.4) 		8.9
(23)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.9 7.5 11.0 11.5 12.2 9.7 8.5 8.1 7.8 9.4 8.5 8.1 110.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 1.9 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 5.1
Source: NOAA[19][20]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18603,082—
18704,42043.4%
18805,27119.3%
18906,74227.9%
19009,66443.3%
191011,85022.6%
192014,49022.3%
193021,59649.0%
194024,26812.4%
195025,0993.4%
196028,22812.5%
197032,40714.8%
198033,6193.7%
199035,4815.5%
200039,63611.7%
201043,0798.7%
202043,2280.3%
2023 (est.)42,552[6]−1.6%
U.S. Decennial Census

2020 census

[edit]

The 2020 United States census[21] counted 43,228 people, 16,882 households, and 9,327 families in Jefferson City. The population density was 1,199.1 per square mile (463.0/km2). There were 18,942 housing units at an average density of 525.4 units per square mile (202.9 units/km2). The racial makeup was 74.33% (32,130) white, 15.83% (6,841) black or African-American, 0.3% (131) Native American, 1.82% (786) Asian, 0.1% (43) Pacific Islander, 1.31% (566) from other races, and 6.32% (2,731) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 3.6% (1,523) of the population.

Of the 16,882 households, 25.7% had children under the age of 18; 40.2% were married couples living together; 34.4% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 39.6% consisted of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 3.0.

20.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 106.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 110.9 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey[22] estimates show that the median household income was $54,003 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,176) and the median family income was $75,490 (+/- $7,940). Males had a median income of $35,561 (+/- $4,299) versus $31,226 (+/- $1,953) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $32,642 (+/- $2,031). Approximately, 8.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.9% of those ages 65 or over.

2010 census

[edit]

At the 2010 census, there were 43,079 people in 17,278 households, including 9,969 families, in the city. The population density was 1,198.3 inhabitants per square mile (462.7/km2). There were 18,852 housing units at an average density of 524.4 units per square mile (202.5 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.0% White, 16.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.6%.[7]

Of the 17,278 households 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 36.2% of households were one person and 11.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.89.

The age distribution was 20.9% of residents under the age of 18, 10.3% between the ages of 18 and 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% 65 or older. The median age was 37.5 years. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female.

2000 census

[edit]

At the 2000 census, there were 39,636 people in 15,794 households, including 9,207 families, in the city. The population density was 1,454.4 inhabitants per square mile (561.5/km2). There were 16,987 housing units at an average density of 623.3 units per square mile (240.7 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 14.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. 1.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[7] Of the 15,794 households 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 36.1% of households were one person and 11.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 20.9% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males.

The median household income was $39,628 and the median family income was $52,627. Males had a median income of $35,050 versus $25,521 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,268. About 7.3% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]
Jefferson City's top employers (2016)[23]
Rank Employers # of employees
1 State of Missouri 14,223
2 Capital Region Medical Center 1,573
3 Scholastic 1,500
4 Jefferson City Public Schools 1,489
5 SSM Health-St. Mary's Hospital 1,154
6 Central Bancompany 967
7 ABB Power T&D Company 775
8 Jefferson City Medical Group 633
9 Wal-Mart Supercenter 622
10 Unilever 510
No change reported in 2017

Jefferson City's economy is driven by its residents, citizens of surrounding communities, and tourists.

Business

[edit]

Jefferson City's economy relies on government, health care, manufacturing, retail, education, and tourism. In 2016, Jefferson City's gross metropolitan product was $7.366 billion[24] and Missouri's real total gross domestic product was $260.309 billion,[25] making Jefferson City's economy 2.829% of the total gross state product of Missouri.

Central Bancompany, Hawthorn Bancshares, Capital Region Medical Center, and Arris Pizza all have their headquarters in Jefferson City. Jefferson City is also home to Central Dairy, whose products are shipped statewide.

Tourism

[edit]

Tourists are drawn to the Missouri State Capitol, St. Peter Church (adjacent to the capitol), Missouri State Penitentiary, Missouri Governor's Mansion, and Missouri State Museum. Lincoln University, ranked by U.S. News & World Report in 2007 as a top educational institution for international students, also helps draw students and tourists from other states and countries.

Government

[edit]
The John G. Christy Municipal Building houses the city hall.

State government

[edit]
The Harry S Truman office building houses government workers for various state departments and agencies.
The Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City

The State Capitol is located in Jefferson City. In addition, state agencies are headquartered in Jefferson City. The Missouri State Archives is located in Jefferson City.

The Missouri Department of Corrections (MDOC) operates the Jefferson City Correctional Center (JCCC) and the Algoa Correctional Center (ACC) in Jefferson City.[26][27] JCCC replaced the Missouri State Penitentiary on September 15, 2004, which until its closure was the oldest operating penal facility west of the Mississippi River. It served as the State of Missouri's primary maximum security institution,[28] and it housed male death row prisoners until April 1989, when they were moved to the Potosi Correctional Center.[28]

Federal government

[edit]

The United States Postal Service operates several postal facilities. The Jefferson City Main Post Office building[29] previously shared occupancy with the U.S. District Court from its dedication in November 1934 until September 27, 2011, when it moved into the Christopher S. Bond Court House.

The 118,000-square-foot courthouse is named for the former Governor and United States Senator from Missouri. The courthouse, which is occupied by the Central Division of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri and under the appellate jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, was designed to achieve the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED Gold rating. Sustainable design features include reducing water use by 44 percent, using 13 percent recycled content, diverting 80 percent of construction waste materials from landfills, and it is 36 percent more efficient than current energy standards.[30]

Education

[edit]

Schools

[edit]

Jefferson City Public School District currently operates Jefferson City High School and Capital City High School, two middle schools, Thomas Jefferson Middle School, and Lewis and Clark Middle School, and eleven elementary schools. In addition to public education, there are also five private elementary schools and three private high schools, including Helias High School and Calvary Lutheran High School in the city.

Colleges and universities

[edit]

Lincoln University is a public historically black university with open enrollment and certificate, associate, bachelor, and graduate programs.

Columbia College, William Woods University, Metro Business College, and Merrell University also have campuses in the city with varying degree levels and options.

The University of Missouri, the state's flagship university, is 30 miles to the north in Columbia.

Public library

[edit]

Jefferson City has a public library, the Missouri River Regional Library.[31]

Media

[edit]

Print

[edit]

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Jefferson City News Tribune. Several monthly magazines cover Jefferson City and/or the surrounding areas: Jefferson City Magazine, Her Magazine, Capital Lifestyles, and Professional Day.

Television

[edit]

Jefferson City, along with Columbia, is part of the Mid-Missouri television market. KRCG, the region's CBS affiliate, and KFDR, a station owned by the Christian Television Network (CTN), are both licensed to the city.

Radio

[edit]
List of radio stations that broadcast from and/or are licensed to Jefferson City, Missouri.
Frequency Callsign Nickname Format Owner City of License
88.1 KHJR Covenant Network Catholic Covenant Network St. Thomas, MO
88.9 KJLU 88.9 KJLU Jazz Lincoln University of Missouri Jefferson City, MO
89.9 KMCV Religion Bott Radio High Point, MO
90.3 KNLG Here's Help Network Religion New Life Evangelistic Center New Bloomfield, MO
94.3 KATI KAT Country 94.3 Country Zimmer Radio Group California, MO
97.1 K246CA Religion Bott Radio Jefferson City, MO
97.5 KJMO 97.5 KJMO Classic Hits Cumulus Media Linn, MO
98.7 KOTC 3ABN Religion Jefferson City Seventh-Day Adventist Church Jefferson City, MO
100.1 KBBM 100.1 NASH FM Country Cumulus Media Jefferson City, MO
103.5 K278CT News Talk 1240 News/Talk Cumulus Media Jefferson City, MO
104.5 K283CL NewsRadio KWOS News/Talk Zimmer Radio Group Jefferson City, MO
104.9 K283CL Elevate FM Contemporary Worship Music Lake Area Educational Broadcasting Foundation Jefferson City, MO
106.5 K293AX Spirit FM Christian Contemporary Lake Area Educational Broadcasting Foundation Jefferson City, MO
106.9 KTXY Y107 Mainstream Top 40 Zimmer Radio Group Jefferson City, MO
950 KWOS NewsRadio KWOS News/Talk Zimmer Radio Group Jefferson City, MO
1240 KLIK News Talk 1240 News/Talk Cumulus Media Jefferson City, MO

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Highways

[edit]

Federal highways are U.S. Routes 50, 54, and 63. Missouri Routes 179 and 94 also run through the city. Jefferson City is one of the four state capitals that is not served by an Interstate highway (the others are Dover, Delaware; Juneau, Alaska; and Pierre, South Dakota).[32] However, Interstate 70 passes by the city 30 miles (48 km) to the north in Columbia.

Airports

[edit]

The city is served by Columbia Regional Airport and nearby Jefferson City Memorial Airport.[33][34]

Public transportation

[edit]
Local transit
[edit]

JeffTran, the city operated public transit system, provides year-round bus service during traditional weekday business hours,[35] but is currently considering the extension of service hours to include evenings and weekends.[36]

Intercity transit
[edit]

The Jefferson City station, located in the former Union Hotel at Jefferson Landing State Historic Site, is one of the Missouri River Runner train stops between Kansas City and St. Louis, provided by Amtrak, the sole intercity passenger railroad service in the United States.

A Greyhound bus stop near the Eastland Drive Convenient Food Mart[37] also provides intercity transit. Jefferson City Memorial Airport, which is located in the Jefferson City limits of Callaway County, Missouri, serves general aviation but has no scheduled commercial airline service.

Healthcare

[edit]

Jefferson City is home to SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, which has 154 beds. Capital Region Medical Center, an affiliate of University of Missouri Health Care, is also located in the city.

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Jefferson City, Missouri

Sister city

[edit]

Jefferson City is the sister city to the German city of Münchberg.[38] Around 200 years ago, settlers from Münchberg founded a neighborhood south of downtown Jefferson City, which is still known as "Old Munichburg".

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Capitol of Missouri – Jefferson City ***". www.spangledwithstars.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  2. ^ "Contact the Mayor". Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) City of Jefferson. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  3. ^ "Jefferson City — Departments". Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  4. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  6. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  8. ^ "2020 U.S. Census". Census QuickFacts. April 1, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  9. ^ "Table 10. Rank by 2010 Population and Housing Units: 2000 and 2010" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  10. ^ Moorman, Amy (2014). "Picture This" (PDF). The Missouri State Archives...Where History Begins. Missouri State Archives. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  11. ^ McMillen, Margot Ford & Murphy, Dennis. A to Z: The Dictionary of Missouri Place Names. Columbia, MO. Pebble Publishing, 1996. ISBN 0-9646625-4-X.
  12. ^ "Cole County, Missouri Place Names, 1928-1945 | The State Historical Society of Missouri". shsmo.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  13. ^ Louis, NWS St (May 23, 2019). "The updated preliminary damage survey in Jefferson City shows that so far the max rating for last night's tornado damage was EF-3. Numerous other damage points have rated EF-0 to EF-2. The damage survey is ongoing. #mowx #midmowxpic.twitter.com/BNoDmhkgCY". @NWSStLouis. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  14. ^ "Missouri's capital took a direct hit from a violent tornado that sent debris 13,000 feet into the air". CNN. May 23, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019.
  15. ^ "Tornado hits Jefferson City, emergency crews responding". News Tribune. May 23, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019.
  16. ^ Lieb, David. "3 deaths in Missouri as tornado strikes state capital". AP News. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  17. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  18. ^ "Average Weather in Jefferson City, Missouri, United States, Year Round – Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  19. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  20. ^ "Station: Jefferson City WTP, MO". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  21. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  22. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  23. ^ "2016 PAFR – Laserfiche WebLink". documents.jeffcitymo.org. Retrieved June 9, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Jefferson City, MO (MSA)". Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) St. Louis Fed. September 20, 2017. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  25. ^ "Real Total Gross Domestic Product for Missouri". Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) St. Louis Fed. May 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  26. ^ "Jefferson City Correctional Center". Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Missouri Department of Corrections. May 7, 2006. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  27. ^ "MidMoGIS Mapping Website Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine." City of Jefferson. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  28. ^ a b Lombardi, George, Richard D. Sluder, and Donald Wallace. "The Management of Death-Sentenced Inmates: Issues, Realities, and Innovative Strategies Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine." Missouri Department of Corrections. 8. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  29. ^ "Post Office Location – JEFFERSON CITY Archived 2010-11-26 at the Wayback Machine." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  30. ^ "Christopher S. Bond U.S. Courthouse". www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  31. ^ "Missouri Public Libraries". PublicLibraries.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  32. ^ "The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways - Part VII - Miscellaneous Interstate Facts". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  33. ^ "Columbia Regional Airport Travel Tips". flycou.com. City of Columbia. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  34. ^ "Jefferson City Memorial Airport". AirNav.com. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  35. ^ "Schedules". City of Jefferson. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  36. ^ "New JeffTran routes on tap Monday". News Tribune. November 30, 2018. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  37. ^ "Jefferson City Missouri Bus Station – Greyhound". locations.greyhound.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  38. ^ "List of German-U.S. sister cities" (PDF). Consulate General of the Federal Republic of Germany. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.

Further reading

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