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1760 in Canada

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Events from the year 1760 in Canada.

Incumbents

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Governors

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Events

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  • Sunday April 20 – Seven thousand French troops start to recapture Quebec.
  • Monday April 28 – Murray's 7,714 troops retire to the Citadel, after fighting the Canadiens outside the walls of Quebec. The French prepare to besiege.
  • Friday May 9 – The belligerents, of each nationality, expect a fleet bringing troops and supplies. An approaching frigate proves to be British.
  • Thursday May 15 – Two more British war-ships arrive. The British win a naval battle near Quebec.
  • Saturday May 17 – The French raise the siege of Quebec.
  • Sunday 6 July – Commencement of the Montreal Campaign by General Jeffery Amherst
  • Saturday September 6 – Amherst arrives at Montreal.
  • September 6 to September 7 – A council of war, at Montreal, favors capitulation.
  • Monday September 8 – Amherst's, Murray's, and Haviland's commands, around Montreal, are about 17,000.
  • The articles of capitulation are agreeable to the French, except that they do not concede "all the honors of war" or "perpetual neutrality of Canadiens."
  • De Levis threatens to retire to St. Helen's Island and fight to the last; but the Governor orders him to disarm.
  • Fortress Louisbourg demolished by the British.
  • Fall of Montreal and surrender of Great Lakes and Ohio Valley French forts to English. Lord Jeffery Amherst starts a "get tough with Indians" policy, including the first biological warfare --smallpox-infested blankets. Amherst granted some Seneca (originally his allies) lands to his officers. Odawa chief Pontiac (and the Delaware Prophet) organize a resistance preaching return to traditional Indian customs. The 1761 draft Proclamation (to English governors), and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (with a large Indian country in what's now the U.S. Great Lakes/Midwest) were part of the English Crown's attempt to mollify the Indians. Neither proclamation of undisturbed Indian lands was followed by settlers or the Crown.
  • The British Conquest. General James Murray is appointed first British military governor of Quebec.

Births

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Deaths

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Historical documents

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To avoid frostbite, orders are issued that Quebec City garrison be supplied with moccasins "for any duty whatsoever"[4]

French train for planned escalade of Quebec City by climbing ladders against snow walls, "to the great amusement of the women and children"[5]

British destroy gristmill and granary supporting Hôtel-Dieu nuns, who are threatened with banishment if they continue to correspond with French[6]

French force of 10,000 repels attack of James Murray's 3,000 troops near Quebec City (its garrison having lost thousands to scurvy and winter)[7]

"In the greatest confusion" - French abandon trenches outside Quebec (along with artillery, baggage etc.) when British ships arrive and attack[8]

Governor General Vaudreuil stretches truth about Canada's prospects for victory in letter to militia commanders[9]

Merchant at Quebec City expects no sale of goods shipped in "untill some decisive blow is struck[...]to open[...]a free Commerce with the Inhabitants"[10]

Ursulines' agent in France regrets he's not able to send them assistance they need, but glad British "are making a very humane use of their victory"[11]

Warships from Louisbourg destroy French supply ships waiting at Restigouche because British squadron has preceded them up St. Lawrence River[12]

North American commander-in-chief Jeffery Amherst relates 7-week campaign down St. Lawrence (with scores drowned in rapids) to take Montreal[13]

Murray relates month-long campaign up St. Lawrence to Montreal, gaining submission of parishes along way (except Sorel) as French retreat[14]

"The Canadians are surrendering every-where" - British column from Quebec learns they are "terrified" of Johnson's approaching Indigenous fighters[15]

Amherst announces Vaudreuil's and Canada's capitulation, noting French-aligned Indigenous people "shewed the utmost Complaisance to our Army"[16]

Text of capitulation specifies continued enslavement of "Negroes and Panis" by their French and Canadian owners, except those made prisoner[17]

Lt. John Knox tours Montreal and is more impressed with its gardens and "gay and sprightly" inhabitants than its defences[18]

At conference with William Johnson, people of Kahnawake request liquor be banned, trade regulated, priests subsidized and home ground preserved[19]

Military governors are authorized to commission current militia officers and have them collect civilian arms and settle minor disputes[20]

"We now have none to make us afraid" - Boston sermon celebrates conquest of Canada, where "our Religion & Liberty" can now be propagated[21]

Robert Rogers sends message to Detroit commandant to remove French garrison, and assures Wendat sachems that he comes in peace[22]

Rogers accepts surrender of Detroit, directs capture of French forces south to Ohio River and makes treaty with Indigenous nations[23]

For France, climate and expense of Canada make it "not worth their asking" in peace negotiations, unless to further contend for colonies[24]

Indigenous people mention canoe routes between Fort Toronto and Lake Huron and to Thames River and Lake St. Clair[25]

Nova Scotia Council to deport hundreds of Acadians from Chignecto region and Saint John River to make room for settlers from Europe[26]

"Peace and Friendship" treaties signed or renewed by Nova Scotia government and Mi'kmaw, Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), and Passamaquoddy peoples[27]

"Great Incouragement to Industry" - Nova Scotia's bounties on hay, hemp, flax and oats, plus "good and sufficient Stone Wall" on Halifax Peninsula[28]

Because of dung and garbage that butchers leave in streets, Halifax will have public slaughterhouse to provide meat to public market[29]

References

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  1. ^ Guéganic (2008), p. 13.
  2. ^ "George I". Official web site of the British monarchy. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  3. ^ "George III". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  4. ^ John Knox, "1760. January, from the 1st. to the 6th." An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North-America, for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760; Vol. II, pg. 238. (See also summary of winter effort to cut thousands of cords of wood, and description of dogs and men hauling wood and water from lower to upper town, plus print of "Newfoundland Dog") Accessed 9 March 2022
  5. ^ John Knox, "1760. January 16th. to the 20th." An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North-America, for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760; Vol. II, pgs. 246-7. (See failure and end of ladder practice; see also that deserter says one dollar "would induce even the Officers[...]of the miserable French army to follow my example," and also that Montrealers are in good spirits though necessities are expensive and troops on short rations) Accessed 10 March 2022
  6. ^ John Knox, "(1760. March.) From the 21st. to the 31th." An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North-America, for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760; Vol. II, pg. 276. (See also "Abbess of the Augustine convent" reprimanded for spreading rumours) Accessed 10 March 2022
  7. ^ (John) Dobson, "April 28 (1760). The Chevalier de Levis" Chronological Annals of the War; From Its Beginning to the Present Time (1763), pgs. 125-6. (See strategy and details of Murray's attack, plus description of battle and aftermath by nun in general hospital; see also recipe for "hemlock-spruce" infusion found to fight scurvy, and accounting of women working for garrison and fact that not one has become ill) Accessed 7 March 2022
  8. ^ (John) Dobson, "May 16 and 17 (1760)" Chronological Annals of the War; From Its Beginning to the Present Time (1763), pgs. 126-7. Accessed 7 March 2022 (See details)
  9. ^ "Marquis de Vaudreuil, to his militia officers" (June 3, 1760), The General History of the Late War; Vol. IV (1763), pgs. 436-8. Accessed 8 March 2022
  10. ^ Letter of John Gray (June 9, 1760), Collection Centre d'archives de Québec. (See also daily market established where locals sell soldiers fish, veal, dairy etc.) Accessed 9 March 2022
  11. ^ "Letter of Father Alain de Launay to the Reverend Mother Depositary of the Ursulines of Quebec" (Paris, April 19, 1760), The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents; Vol. LXXI (1901). http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations_71.html (scroll down to Page 29) Accessed 9 March 2022
  12. ^ Letter of Lord Colville (September 12, 1760), Miscellaneous Correspondence, in Prose and Verse, pg. 531. (See details of this action on July 9) Accessed 7 March 2022
  13. ^ Letters of Maj. Gen. Amherst (August 26 and September 8, 1760), Miscellaneous Correspondence, in Prose and Verse, pgs. 526-30. (See this source and this source for further details; see also 1760 painting of British taking French ship on upper St. Lawrence) Accessed 7 March 2022
  14. ^ Letter of Brig. Gen. Murray (August 24, 1760), Miscellaneous Correspondence, in Prose and Verse, pgs. 530-1. Accessed 7 March 2022 (See also Murray warns priests not to meddle, and defenders not to allow "savages" to attack, and also Knox' assessment of relative wealth along upper St. Lawrence)
  15. ^ John Knox, "Sept. 1st. (1760)" An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North-America, for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760; Vol. II, pg. 381. (See also "The regulars now desert to us in great numbers" and "eight Sachems of different nations" surrender their people) Accessed 14 March 2022
  16. ^ General Orders (September 9, 1760), Miscellaneous Correspondence, in Prose and Verse, pg. 567. (See Amherst's refusal to negotiate capitulation because of encouragement of "savages to perpetrate the most horrid and unheard of barbarities in the whole progress of the war;" see also visual allegory of Canada surrendering its crown to King George III; and also Huron-British Treaty of 1760) Accessed 7 March 2022
  17. ^ Article XLVII, "Articles of Capitulation between[...]Amherst [and] Vaudreuil[....]," The London Gazette Extraordinary (October 6, 1760), 7th pg., Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 16 April 2022
  18. ^ John Knox, September 14, 1760 An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North-America, for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760; Vol. II, pgs. 453-5. (See also his long descriptive tour of entire St. Lawrence River and Gulf) Accessed 14 March 2022
  19. ^ The Treaty of Kahnawake of 1760 (Montreal, September 16, 1760) "taken from The Sir William Johnson Papers, Volume XIII, pages 163-166" (See also Akwesasne and Mississauga hunters "well pleased" with surrender of Canada, and also Six Nations, Delaware and Shawnee protecting British soldiers "from the insults of the enemy Indians" plus list of nations aiding Johnson) Accessed 7 March 2022
  20. ^ "Placart de Son Excellence Monsieur le Général Amherst" (French with English translation; September 22, 1760), Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-1791 (1907), pgs. 31-3. (See also on next pages "Ordinance Establishing Military Courts") Accessed 16 March 2022
  21. ^ Thomas Foxcroft, "An Acquisition this" Grateful Reflexions on the signal Appearances of Divine Providence[....] (October 9, 1760), pg. 30. (See also different interpretation of victory as ending "infinite inconveniences" and Benjamin Franklin's argument for keeping Canada) Accessed 8 March 2022
  22. ^ Robert Rogers, Letter to Capt. Beletere(sic) (November 19, 1760), Journals of Major Robert Rogers (1765), pgs. 217-20. Accessed 9 March 2022 (See also Rogers' description of his encounters with Pontiac)
  23. ^ Robert Rogers, "I landed" (November-December, 1760), Journals of Major Robert Rogers (1765), pgs. 228-30. Accessed 9 March 2022
  24. ^ Douglas and Bath, "The Truth of the Matter is" A Letter Addressed to Two Great Men, on the Prospect of Peace; And on the Terms necessary to be insisted upon in the Negociation (1760), pgs. 30-1. Accessed 16 March 2022
  25. ^ Robert Rogers, canoe routes Journals of Major Robert Rogers (1765), pgs. 206-7. Accessed 9 March 2022
  26. ^ Nova Scotia Council meeting (March 10, 1760), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 313. Accessed 9 March 2022
  27. ^ "Copy of Authenticated Copy of 'Treaty of Peace and Friendship concluded by the Governor... of Nova Scotia with Paul Laurent, Chief of the La Heve tribe of Indians'" (March 1760), and treaty with "Tribes of Passamaquody and St. Johns River Indians" (February 23, 1760). Accessed 9 March 2022
  28. ^ "An Act for further extending of Bounties and Premiums" (1760), 34 George II - Chapter 19, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 7 March 2022
  29. ^ "An Act for building a publick Slaughter House in the Town Halifax, and for regulating the same" (1760), 34 George II - Chapter 13, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 7 March 2022
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