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Lander, Wyoming

Coordinates: 42°49′59″N 108°43′57″W / 42.83306°N 108.73250°W / 42.83306; -108.73250
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Lander
City
Downtown Lander, 2008
Downtown Lander, 2008
Official seal of Lander
Seal
Motto: 
"Real. Western. Spirit."
Location of Lander in Fremont County, Wyoming.
Location of Lander in Fremont County, Wyoming.
Lander is located in the United States
Lander
Lander
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 42°49′59″N 108°43′57″W / 42.83306°N 108.73250°W / 42.83306; -108.73250[1]
CountryUnited States
StateWyoming
CountyFremont
Government
 • MayorMonte Richardson
Area
[2]
 • Total9.38 sq mi (24.30 km2)
 • Land9.38 sq mi (24.30 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
5,358 ft (1,633 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total7,546
 • Density794.93/sq mi (306.92/km2)
Time zoneUTC−7 (Mountain (MST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)
ZIP code
82520
Area code307
FIPS code56-44760[3]
GNIS feature ID1609112[4]
Websitewww.landerwyoming.org

Lander is a city in Wyoming, United States, and the county seat of Fremont County. It is in central Wyoming, along the Middle Fork of the Popo Agie River, just south of the Wind River Indian Reservation. It is a tourism center with several nearby guest ranches. Its population was 7,546 at the 2020 census.[5]

History

[edit]

Lander was previously known as Pushroot, Old Camp Brown[6][7] and Fort Augur. Its present name was chosen in 1875 in reference to General Frederick W. Lander,[8] a transcontinental explorer who surveyed the Oregon Trail's Lander Cutoff.[9]

19th century

[edit]

In 1868, the boundaries of the Wind River Indian Reservation were officially established by the Fort Bridger Treaty, setting its southern border along the Sweetwater River.[10] This marked the beginning of increased conflicts between the Shoshone tribe and white settlers, who were illegally encroaching on reservation lands. Additionally, it became evident to the U.S. Government that much of the land east of the Wind River Mountains, considered desirable, was located within the reservation.

In response in 1872 Congress approved negotiations with Shoshone leaders, including Chief Washakie. These negotiations took place at Camp Stambaugh during the summer of 1872 and culminated in the Shoshone's agreement to cede the southern part of their reservation. The agreement provided the tribe with $25,000, $5,000 in stock cattle, and an annual salary of $500 for Chief Washakie over five years.[10]

The year 1873 saw The Jones Expedition explore the area around what would become the town of Lander, establishing a route to Yellowstone National Park. This exploration resulted in extensive documentation of natural features, including hot springs, oil reserves, and hieroglyphs.[11] Notably, the Dallas Dome area, situated several miles southeast of the future town-site near today's U.S. Route 287, was identified as the site of Wyoming's first oil well, completed in 1883.[12] The town of Lander was officially incorporated on July 17, 1890.[13]

20th century

[edit]

On October 1, 1906, Lander became the westward terminus of the "Cowboy Line" of the Chicago and North Western Railway, thus originating the slogan "where rails end and trails begin." Originally intended to be a transcontinental mainline to Coos Bay, Oregon, or Eureka, California, the line never went further west, and service to Lander was abandoned in 1972.[14] With the arrival of the railroad, Lander's population more than doubled between 1900 and 1910.[15] At the turn of the century the town and surrounding valley were promising places for agricultural development due to the area's climate and potential for irrigation.[16] At the time there were several new ventures around the town producing wool, wheat, oats, alfalfa, hay, vegetables, small fruit and in some cases orchards.[16] However, a report from the State of Wyoming published in 1907 says agriculture around Lander only supplies local demand.[16] In 1962 U.S. Steel opened the Atlantic City iron ore and mill, 35 miles (56 km) south of Lander near Atlantic City[17] The mine was a significant employer in Lander, but by 1983 it ceased operations.[17]

21st century

[edit]

Lander continues to evolve and faces similar issues as many small towns in the Western U.S. Education and outdoor recreation play a large role in the town's economy with the Wyoming Catholic College and National Outdoor Leadership School both based in Lander. Though agriculture and resource extraction no longer play a large role in the town's economy, its population has continued to grow since the year 2000.[18][19]

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.67 square miles (12.10 km2), all land.[20]

Sinks Canyon in the Wind River Range is close to Lander.[21] Elk migrate out of the Wind River Mountains into the lowlands near Lander, arriving in early winter and frequently staying at least through calving season in the spring.[22] The town is located in the Wind River Basin

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lander has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Lander was 102 °F (39 °C) on July 27, 1935, while the coldest temperature recorded was −40 °F (−40 °C) on December 19, 1924, and February 8, 1936.[23]

Climate data for Lander, Wyoming (Hunt Field), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1891–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 64
(18) 		68
(20) 		76
(24) 		83
(28) 		93
(34) 		100
(38) 		102
(39) 		101
(38) 		96
(36) 		86
(30) 		72
(22) 		65
(18) 		102
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 51.1
(10.6) 		54.5
(12.5) 		66.7
(19.3) 		75.4
(24.1) 		83.0
(28.3) 		91.5
(33.1) 		97.0
(36.1) 		95.2
(35.1) 		88.8
(31.6) 		78.5
(25.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		53.4
(11.9) 		97.5
(36.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.8
(0.4) 		36.6
(2.6) 		48.6
(9.2) 		56.2
(13.4) 		66.1
(18.9) 		78.0
(25.6) 		87.7
(30.9) 		85.8
(29.9) 		74.6
(23.7) 		58.9
(14.9) 		44.3
(6.8) 		32.9
(0.5) 		58.5
(14.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 21.3
(−5.9) 		25.0
(−3.9) 		36.0
(2.2) 		43.2
(6.2) 		52.8
(11.6) 		62.8
(17.1) 		71.5
(21.9) 		69.8
(21.0) 		59.6
(15.3) 		45.4
(7.4) 		32.1
(0.1) 		21.6
(−5.8) 		45.1
(7.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 		13.3
(−10.4) 		23.4
(−4.8) 		30.3
(−0.9) 		39.4
(4.1) 		47.7
(8.7) 		55.2
(12.9) 		53.8
(12.1) 		44.6
(7.0) 		32.0
(0.0) 		19.9
(−6.7) 		10.2
(−12.1) 		31.6
(−0.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −10.3
(−23.5) 		−6.1
(−21.2) 		5.5
(−14.7) 		17.2
(−8.2) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		36.8
(2.7) 		46.6
(8.1) 		44.9
(7.2) 		31.0
(−0.6) 		14.3
(−9.8) 		1.1
(−17.2) 		−10.0
(−23.3) 		−17.0
(−27.2)
Record low °F (°C) −39
(−39) 		−40
(−40) 		−24
(−31) 		−11
(−24) 		13
(−11) 		25
(−4) 		32
(0) 		23
(−5) 		7
(−14) 		−14
(−26) 		−31
(−35) 		−40
(−40) 		−40
(−40)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.51
(13) 		0.70
(18) 		1.29
(33) 		2.07
(53) 		2.68
(68) 		1.08
(27) 		0.59
(15) 		0.52
(13) 		0.98
(25) 		1.40
(36) 		0.78
(20) 		0.63
(16) 		13.23
(336)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.2
(21) 		12.1
(31) 		14.4
(37) 		16.4
(42) 		4.5
(11) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.5
(3.8) 		10.5
(27) 		10.6
(27) 		9.3
(24) 		87.6
(223)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.1 5.4 5.8 8.4 9.1 5.9 4.7 5.0 5.7 5.9 4.9 4.3 69.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 4.3 5.4 4.7 5.5 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.6 4.4 4.9 35.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.2 203.4 257.3 270.0 294.5 330.0 347.2 328.6 273.0 232.5 174.0 173.6 3,076.3
Percent possible sunshine 66.3 68.6 69.8 67.2 64.9 71.7 74.5 76.0 72.7 67.8 59.6 62.1 68.4
Source 1: NOAA[24][23]
Source 2: HKO (sun only, 1961−1990)[25]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880193—
1890525172.0%
190073740.4%
19101,812145.9%
19202,13317.7%
19301,826−14.4%
19402,59442.1%
19503,34929.1%
19604,18224.9%
19707,12570.4%
19807,86710.4%
19907,023−10.7%
20006,867−2.2%
20107,4879.0%
20207,5460.8%
2023 (est.)7,6150.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[15]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[26] of 2010, there were 7,487 people, 3,161 households, and 1,932 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,603.2 inhabitants per square mile (619.0/km2). There were 3,385 housing units at an average density of 724.8 per square mile (279.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.0% White, 0.2% African American, 7.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population.

There were 3,161 households, of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.85.

The median age in the city was 40.3 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.3% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 6,867 people, 2,794 households, and 1,824 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,554.0 people per square mile (599.9/km2). There were 3,036 housing units at an average density of 687.0 per square mile (265.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.81% White, 0.15% African American, 5.99% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.70% from other races, and 2.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.48% of the population.

There were 2,794 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,397, and the median income for a family was $41,958. Males had a median income of $30,602 versus $20,916 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,389. About 9.9% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.3% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]
Suburban Lander

Lander's economy is based on an array of industries and like Wyoming as a whole is supported by substantial tourism.[27] Outdoor recreation along with healthcare, education, construction and retail sales make up much of the economy.[18] The tourism season is primarily during summer months and though Lander and Fremont County are not near any major Interstate highway, the county generates significant income from travel related taxes.[28]

Present day Lander is home to numerous state and federal government offices, including the U.S. Forest Service (Washakie Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest),[29] the Bureau of Land Management (Lander Field Office),[30] the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,[31] and a Resident Agency of the Denver Field Office of the FBI, as well as the Wyoming Life Resource Center[32] and the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality.[33] A major bronze foundry, Eagle Bronze, is located in Lander,[34] as is the headquarters of the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) [35] and other environment and land-related non profit organizations including offices of the Wyoming Outdoor Council, the Wyoming office of The Nature Conservancy, the Wyoming Wildlife Federation, and Wyoming Catholic College.

2017 Economic sector statistics

[edit]
Sectors of the Lander Economy in 2017[18]
Occupation Percent of Workforce
Office & Administrative Support Occupations 13%
Education, Training, & Library Occupations 12%
Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations 7%
Construction & Extraction Occupations 7%
Management Occupations 7%
Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Occupations 6%
Sales & Related Occupations 6%
Personal Care & Service Occupations 5%
Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations 5%
Building & Grounds Cleaning & Maintenance Occupations 4%
Community & Social Service Occupations 3%
Healthcare Support Occupations 3%
Transportation Occupations 3%
Production Occupations 3%
Life, Physical, & Social Science Occupations 2%
Material Moving Occupations 2%
Business & Financial Operations Occupations 2%
Health Technologists & Technicians 1%
Architecture & Engineering Occupations 1%
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, & Media Occupations 1%
Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors 1%
Legal Occupations 1%
Fire Fighting & Prevention, & Other Protective Service Workers Including Supervisors 1%
Farming, Fishing, & Forestry Occupations 1%

Local Media

[edit]

Publications and websites covering or based in the Lander area include:

[edit]

Radio

[edit]

Arts and culture

[edit]

The Lander Art Center downtown displays rotating art exhibits, holds biannual art fairs, and hosts varying art classes.[36] The work of William Shakespeare is performed by the touring Wyoming Shakespeare Festival Company, a non-profit organization based out of Lander. The Lander Community Concerts Association has brought in various performing artists since 1947.[37] Lander's local library is the main branch of the Fremont County Library System,[38] the original local Carnegie library still stands as part of the current building.

In the early 1990s, the St. Louis based chamber-pop band, Lydia's Trumpet, recorded their song, "Lander" on the cassette release entitled: Valentine Waffle. The song is based on the city, its founder, and a nostalgic summer road trip there.

The town is one of the headquarters of Asthmatic Kitty Records, founded by Sufjan Stevens.

Annual cultural events

[edit]

The Pioneer Days Parade and Rodeo takes place on July 3 and 4 every year.

Lander's Fourth of July Parade in 1962.
July 4 parade on Main St in 1984.

The Lander Brew Festival features samples from Rocky Mountain-area breweries and has been held since 2002.[39]

Lander is also home to the Wyoming State Winter Fair.[40] In addition to Livestock showings, there are also plenty of rodeo activities to see or participate in.

Other annual events include the International Climbers Festival, and the Annual One Shot Antelope Hunt.[41]

Attractions

[edit]
Lander City Park located on the south end of town provides camping space and hosts a number of events in summer.

Outdoor attractions near Lander include Sinks Canyon State Park, Worthen Meadow Reservoir, Shoshone National Forest, the Wind River Mountains, and the Red Desert. Additionally, Lander is home to a number of museums,[42] including the Fremont County Pioneer Museum, which focuses on the history of the Lander area; the Museum of the American West, which maintains a complex of historic structures; the Sacagawea Cemetery, the cemetery is located near Fort Washakie, 15 miles (24 km) north of Lander on the Wind River Indian Reservation; the Lander Children's Museum, with hands-on exhibits; and the Evans Dahl Memorial Museum, dedicated to the Annual One Shot Antelope Hunt.[43] Several locations in Lander are listed on the National Register of Historic Places including the Lander Downtown Historic District, Jackson Park Town Site Addition Brick Row and the US Post Office and Courthouse-Lander Main

Government

[edit]

Lander's city government is made up of an elected mayor, six-member city council, city clerk, treasurer and other departments, committees and appointed boards.[44] City elections are on a non-partisan basis with council members elected based on wards where they live with two council members elected for each ward.[44]

Since 1998, Lander and Fremont County have been represented in the Wyoming State Senate by economist/businessman Cale Case, a Republican.

Education

[edit]

Public education

[edit]

Public education in the city of Lander is provided by Fremont County School District #1. Lander Valley High School is the main high school. It is located just west of Main Street after the demolition of the historic high school. Despite attempts to preserve the school the land was sold and is now a business complex. Pathfinder is the alternative high school.

National Outdoor Leadership School

[edit]

The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) was founded in Lander and is headquartered in the city. Its Rocky Mountain branch operates out of Lander. NOLS operates the Noble Hotel on Main Street for its instructors, students and alumni.

Wyoming Catholic College

[edit]

In 2007, Wyoming Catholic College, a four-year, coeducational, private college was founded in Lander. The college was only the second four-year brick and mortar institution of higher education ever in Wyoming. It was designed to give students a general liberal arts education via a Great Books curriculum, while allowing them to develop morally and spiritually in a small Catholic community. It uses an Outdoor Adventure Program to take students into the nearby Wind River Mountains to teach leadership, decision-making skills, and to ignite their imaginations. The college received its Apostolic Blessing in 2005 from Most Reverend David L. Ricken, DD, JCL, the Bishop of Cheyenne. As of 2019, Wyoming Catholic College received full accreditation by the Higher Learning Commission.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Health care

[edit]

The Wyoming Department of Health Wyoming Life Resource Center (WLRC), originally the Wyoming State Training School (WSTS), a residential facility for physically and mentally disabled people, is located in Lander.[45][46] The facility was operated by the Wyoming Board of Charities and Reform until that agency was dissolved as a result of a state constitutional amendment passed in November 1990.[47]

Postal service

[edit]

The United States Postal Service operates the Lander Post Office.[48]

Airports

[edit]

There is a small general aviation airport in Lander, called Hunt Field. Scheduled passenger airline service is available via the Central Wyoming Regional Airport located near Riverton, Wyoming.

Law Enforcement

[edit]

The law enforcement within Lander consists of the Lander Police Department.

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  2. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "2020 Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  6. ^ Stamm, Henry (1999). People of the Wind River: the Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-8061-3175-6.
  7. ^ Stamm, Henry (1999). People of the Wind River: the Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-8061-3175-6.
  8. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  9. ^ Thiesse, Carol; Foutz, Traci; Spriggs, Joe (2010). Lander Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4396-2530-9.
  10. ^ a b Shoshone_Report (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1872.
  11. ^ Jones, William A. (1875). Report Upon the Reconnaissance of Northwestern Wyoming, Including Yellowstone National Park, Made in the Summer of 1873. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1. ISBN 0-331-94818-4.
  12. ^ "The Oil Business in Wyoming". Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  13. ^ "Incorporation Election". The Fremont Clipper. Lander, Wyoming. July 18, 1890. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  14. ^ "Timeline". thecbandqinwyoming.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  15. ^ a b "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  16. ^ a b c State of Wyoming (1907). The State of Wyoming a book of reliable information (Report). The S. A. Bristol co. printers and binders. p. 23. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  17. ^ a b Marjane Ambler (March 18, 1985). "A busted Wyoming mining town remains haunted by 550 lost jobs". High Country News. Lander, Wyoming. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  18. ^ a b c "Lander city, Wyoming". Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  19. ^ STORROW, BENJAMIN (November 18, 2014). "Lander, a mining town turned outdoor recreation hotbed, contemplates the revival of an old iron mine". Billings Gazette. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  20. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  21. ^ Osthoff, Rich (1999). Fly-Fishing the Rocky Mountain Backcountry. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2766-2.
  22. ^ Heinz, Mark (January 5, 2023). "More Than 600 Elk Now Live Outside Lander; Sportsmen Believe It's Due To Wolves". Cowboy State Daily. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  23. ^ a b "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service.
  24. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991–2020)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  25. ^ "Climatological Normals of Lander". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
  26. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  27. ^ Reynolds, Nick (May 6, 2019). "Wyoming's tourism industry accounted for $3.8 billion in spending last year". Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  28. ^ Buckrail (April 2018). The Economic Impact of Travel on Wyoming (Report). Wyoming Office of Tourism. p. 28. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  29. ^ "USFS Lander Office". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  30. ^ "BLM Lander Office". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  31. ^ "FWS Lander Office". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  32. ^ "WLRC Lander Office". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  33. ^ "WDEQ Lander Office". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  34. ^ "Eagle Bronze". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  35. ^ "NOLS about US". Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  36. ^ "About the Lander Art Center". Lander Art Center. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  37. ^ "Arts/Music/Theatre". Lander Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  38. ^ "Fremont County Library System". Fremont County Library System. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  39. ^ "Lander Btrwfest". landerbrewfest.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  40. ^ "Wyoming State Winter Fair Home Page". wyomingstatewinterfair.org. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  41. ^ "Festivals & Entertainment". Lander Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  42. ^ "Historic Sites | Lander Chamber". landerchamber.org. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  43. ^ "Museums & Historic Sites". Lander Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  44. ^ a b City of Lander Code Book (PDF). City of Lander, Wy. 2020. p. 181.[dead link]
  45. ^ "WDH Who We Are - Wyoming Life Resource Center[permanent dead link]." Wyoming Department of Health. Retrieved on December 12, 2010.
  46. ^ "Lander city, Wyoming[permanent dead link]." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on December 12, 2010.
  47. ^ "About the Department of Corrections." Wyoming Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 22, 2010.
  48. ^ "Post Office Location - LANDER Archived 2011-01-06 at the Wayback Machine." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 12, 2010.
  49. ^ Cultural Trust Fund Newsletter
  50. ^ Wyoming State Archives biography of Ralph Kimball, available at 2301 Central Ave, Cheyenne, WY 82001.
[edit]
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