Audiology

Audiology (from Latin audīre, "to hear"; and from Greek -λογία, -logia) is a branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders.^[1] ^[2] Audiologists treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage.^[3] By employing various testing strategies (e.g. behavioral hearing tests, otoacoustic emission measurements, and electrophysiologic tests), audiologists aim to determine whether someone has normal sensitivity to sounds.^[4] If hearing loss is identified, audiologists determine which portions of hearing (high, middle, or low frequencies) are affected, to what degree (severity of loss), and where the lesion causing the hearing loss is found (outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, auditory nerve and/or central nervous system). If an audiologist determines that a hearing loss or vestibular abnormality is present, they will provide recommendations for interventions or rehabilitation (e.g. hearing aids, cochlear implants, appropriate medical referrals).

In addition to diagnosing audiologic and vestibular pathologies, audiologists can also specialize in rehabilitation of tinnitus, hyperacusis, misophonia, auditory processing disorders, cochlear implant use and/or hearing aid use. Audiologists can provide hearing health care from birth to end-of-life.^[5]

Audiologist

An audiologist is a health care provider specializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disorders of the auditory and vestibular systems. Audiologists are trained to diagnose, manage and/or treat hearing, tinnitus, or balance problems. They dispense, manage, and rehabilitate hearing aids and assess candidacy for and map hearing implants, such as cochlear implants, middle ear implants and bone conduction implants. They counsel families through a new diagnosis of hearing loss in infants, and help teach coping and compensation skills to late-deafened adults. They also help design and implement personal and industrial hearing safety programs, newborn hearing screening programs,^[6] school hearing screening programs, and provide special or custom fitted ear plugs and other hearing protection devices to help prevent hearing loss. Audiologists are trained to evaluate peripheral vestibular disorders originating from pathologies of the vestibular portion of the inner ear. They also provide treatment for certain vestibular and balance disorders, such as Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). In addition, many audiologists work as auditory or acoustic scientists in a research capacity.^{[citation needed]}

Audiologists are trained in anatomy and physiology, hearing aids, cochlear implants, electrophysiology, acoustics, psychophysics and psychoacoustics, neurology, vestibular function and assessment, balance disorders, counseling and communication options such as sign language. Audiologists may also run a neonatal hearing screening program which has been made compulsory in many hospitals in US, UK and India. An audiologist usually graduates with one of the following qualifications: BSc, MSc(Audiology), AuD, STI, PhD, or ScD, depending on the program and country attended. In 2018, a report by CareerCast found the occupation of audiologist to be the third least stressful job surveyed.^[7]

History

The use of the terms audiology and audiologist in publications has been traced back only as far as 1946. The creator of the term remains unknown, but Berger^[8] identified possible originators as Mayer BA Schier, Willard B Hargrave, Stanley Nowak, Norman Canfield, or Raymond Carhart. In a biographical profile by Robert Galambos, Hallowell Davis is credited with coining the term in the 1940s, saying the then-prevalent term "auricular training" sounded like a method of teaching people how to wiggle their ears.^[9] The first US university course for audiologists was offered by Carhart at Northwestern University, in 1946.^[10]

Audiology was born of interdisciplinary collaboration. The substantial prevalence of hearing loss observed in the veteran population after World War II inspired the creation of the field as it is known today. The International Society of Audiology (ISA) was founded in 1952 to "...facilitate the knowledge, protection and rehabilitation of human hearing" and to "...serve as an advocate for the profession and for the hearing impaired throughout the world." It promotes interactions among national societies, associations and organizations that have similar missions, through the organization of a biannual world congress, through the publication of the scientific peer-reviewed International Journal of Audiology^[11] and by offering support to the World Health Organization's efforts towards addressing the needs of the hearing impaired and deaf community.^{[citation needed]}

Requirements

The International Society of Audiology maintains Global Audiology, which is a portal in Wikiversity that provides information of audiology education and practice around the world. Summary information is provided below:

Australia

In Australia, Audiologists must hold a Master of Audiology, Master of Clinical Audiology, Master of Audiology Studies or alternatively a bachelor's degree from overseas certified by the private agency Vocational Education, Training and Assessment Services (VETASSESS). Although audiologists in Australia are not required to be a member of any professional body, audiology graduates can undergo a clinical training program or internship leading to accreditation with Audiology Australia (AudA) or the Australian College of Audiology (ACAud) which involves supervised practice and professional development, and typically lasts one year.^{[citation needed]}

To provide rehabilitative services to eligible pensioners, war veterans, and children and young adults under the age of 26 as part of the Hearing Services Program, an audiologist must hold a qualified practitioner (QP) number which can be sought by first obtaining accreditation.^[12]

Brazil

In Brazil, audiology training is part of speech pathology and audiology undergraduate, four-year courses. The University of São Paulo was the first university to offer a bachelor's degree, and it started operations in 1977. At the federal level, the recognition of the educational programs and the profession of speech pathologist and audiologist took place on December 9, 1981, signed by President João Figueiredo (law no. 6965). The terms audiology and audiologist can be tracked in Brazilian publications since 1946. The work of audiologists in Brazil was described in 2007.^[13]

Canada

In Canada, a masters of science (MSc) is the minimum requirement to practice audiology in the country. The profession is regulated in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, where it is illegal to practice without being registered as a full member in the appropriate provincial regulatory body.^[14]

Bangladesh

A BSc (Hons) in audiology and speech language pathology is required.

India

To practice audiology, professionals need to have either a bachelor's or a master's degree in audiology and be registered with Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI).

Malaysia

Three Malaysian educational institutions offer degrees in audiology.

United Kingdom

There are currently five routes to becoming a registered audiologist:

FdSc in hearing aid audiology
BSc in audiology
MSc in audiology
Fast-track conversion Diploma for those with a BSc in another relevant science subject, available at Southampton, Manchester, UCL, London, and Edinburgh
BSc(Hons) in clinical physiology (audiology) available at Glasgow Caledonian University (all applicants must be NHS employees)

United States

In the United States, audiologists are regulated by state licensure or registration in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting in 2007, the doctor of audiology (AuD) became the entry-level degree for clinical practice for some states, with most states expected to follow this requirement very soon, as there are no longer any professional programs in audiology which offer the master's degree. Minimum requirements for the AuD degree include a minimum of 75 semester hours of post-baccalaureate study, meeting prescribed competencies, passing a national exam offered by Praxis Series of the Educational Testing Service, and practicum experience that is equivalent to a minimum of 12 months of full-time, supervised experience. Most states have continuing education renewal requirements that must be met to stay licensed. Audiologists can also earn certification from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association or through the American Board of Audiology (ABA). Currently, there are over 70 AuD programs in the United States.

In the past, audiologists have typically held a master's degree and the appropriate healthcare license. However, in the 1990s the profession began to transition to a doctoral level as a minimum requirement. In the United States, starting in 2007, audiologists were required to receive a doctoral degree (AuD or PhD) in audiology from an accredited university graduate or professional program before practicing.^[15] All states require licensing, and audiologists may also carry national board certification from the American Board of Audiology or a certificate of clinical competence in audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, a master's or doctoral degree in audiology is required to practice this profession. This medical degree must come from a recognised institute, most of which are government, otherwise the person didn't get the license to practice the audiology. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) issues the practicing license to all the medical students. Besides these, the person who provides the medical instruments to these doctors should also have the certificate of accreditation, issued by the Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC).

Portugal

The exercise of audiologist profession in Portugal necessarily imply the qualifications degree in audiology or legally equivalent as defined in Decree-Law 320/99 of August 11 Article 4.

South Africa

In South Africa, there are currently five institutions offering training in audiology. The institutions offer different qualifications that make one eligible for practicing audiology in South Africa. The qualifications are as follows, I) B. Audiology, II) BSc. Audiology, III) B. Communication Pathology (Audiology), and IV) B. Speech Language Pathology and Audiology (BSLP&A). All practicing audiologists are required to be registered with the Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA).

Turkey

Audiology in Turkey started in 1968 as an audiology master's degree program at Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat. The program, which was carried out as Audiology until 1989, has been revised since this year and continued as "Audiology and Speech Disorders" Master's and Doctoral education. The first undergraduate program was opened in 2011, and as of 2011, Audiologist has become a profession defined and officially recognized by the state of the Republic of Turkey.

References

^ Gelfand, Stanley A. (2009). Essentials of Audiology (3 ed.). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-60406-044-7. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
^ Katz, Jack, ed. (2015). Handbook of clinical audiology (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-9163-9.
^ "What Is an Audiologist". American Academy of Audiology. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ Roeser, Ross J.; Clark, Jackie L. (2013). Roeser's audiology desk reference (2nd ed.). New York Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-398-1.
^ "Scope of practice in audiology. Ad Hoc Committee on scope of Practice in Audiology". ASHA. Supplement. 38 (2 Suppl 16): 12–15. 1996. ISSN 1072-8929. PMID 8680260.
^ "Your Baby's Hearing Screening". NIDCD. 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
^ "The Least Stressful Jobs of 2018". CareerCast.com. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
^ Berger, KW (1976). "Genealogy of the words "audiology" and "audiologist"". Journal of the American Audiology Society. 2 (2): 38–44. PMID 789309.
^ "Hallowell Davis (1896—1992)" (PDF). A Biographical Memoir by Robert Galambos (National Academy of Sciences). Retrieved July 17, 2010.
^ Raymond Carhart (1912-1975) Papers, 1938-1975. Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois. http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/raymond_carhart.pdf Accessed 2006-07-31.
^ Bamford, John (10 December 2001). "Editorial -Sound, British Journal of Audiology, International Journal of Audiology". British Journal of Audiology. 35 (6): 327–328. doi:10.1080/00305364.2001.11745250. ISSN 0300-5364. S2CID 78271611. ^{[verification needed]}
^ "Hearing Services Program: How can I deliver services?". Department of Health. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ Bevilacqua, Maria Cecilia; Novaes, Beatriz Caiuby; Morata, Thais C. (2008-01-01). "Audiology in Brazil". International Journal of Audiology. 47 (2): 45–50. doi:10.1080/14992020701770843. ISSN 1499-2027. PMID 18236235. S2CID 36199642.
^ "CICIC::Information for foreign-trained audiologists and speech-language pathologists". Occupational profiles for selected trades and professions.
^ "AuD Facts | Audiology". www.audiology.org. 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

[1] Gelfand, Stanley A. (2009). Essentials of Audiology (3 ed.). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-60406-044-7. Retrieved 17 March 2015.

[2] Katz, Jack, ed. (2015). Handbook of clinical audiology (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-9163-9.

[3] "What Is an Audiologist". American Academy of Audiology. Retrieved 2023-11-01.

[4] Roeser, Ross J.; Clark, Jackie L. (2013). Roeser's audiology desk reference (2nd ed.). New York Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-398-1.

[5] "Scope of practice in audiology. Ad Hoc Committee on scope of Practice in Audiology". ASHA. Supplement. 38 (2 Suppl 16): 12–15. 1996. ISSN 1072-8929. PMID 8680260.

[6] "Your Baby's Hearing Screening". NIDCD. 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2019-02-14.

[7] "The Least Stressful Jobs of 2018". CareerCast.com. Retrieved 2021-09-15.

[8] Berger, KW (1976). "Genealogy of the words "audiology" and "audiologist"". Journal of the American Audiology Society. 2 (2): 38–44. PMID 789309.

[9] "Hallowell Davis (1896—1992)" (PDF). A Biographical Memoir by Robert Galambos (National Academy of Sciences). Retrieved July 17, 2010.

[10] Raymond Carhart (1912-1975) Papers, 1938-1975. Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois. http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/raymond_carhart.pdf Accessed 2006-07-31.

[11] Bamford, John (10 December 2001). "Editorial -Sound, British Journal of Audiology, International Journal of Audiology". British Journal of Audiology. 35 (6): 327–328. doi:10.1080/00305364.2001.11745250. ISSN 0300-5364. S2CID 78271611. ^{[verification needed]}

[12] "Hearing Services Program: How can I deliver services?". Department of Health. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

[13] Bevilacqua, Maria Cecilia; Novaes, Beatriz Caiuby; Morata, Thais C. (2008-01-01). "Audiology in Brazil". International Journal of Audiology. 47 (2): 45–50. doi:10.1080/14992020701770843. ISSN 1499-2027. PMID 18236235. S2CID 36199642.

[14] "CICIC::Information for foreign-trained audiologists and speech-language pathologists". Occupational profiles for selected trades and professions.

[15] "AuD Facts | Audiology". www.audiology.org. 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

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v t e Diseases of the outer and middle ear
Outer ear	Otitis externa Otomycosis
Middle ear and mastoid	Cholesteatoma Eustachian tube dysfunction Patulous Eustachian tube Mastoiditis Bezold's abscess Gradenigo's syndrome Middle ear barotrauma Otitis media Perforated eardrum Tympanosclerosis
Symptoms	Ear pain Hearing loss
Tests	Otoscope pneumatic tympanometry

v t e Cleft lip and cleft palate
Related specialities	Advance practice nursing Audiology Dentistry Dietetics Genetics Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthodontics Orthodontic technology Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pediatric dentistry Physician Plastic surgery Psychiatry Psychology Respiratory therapy Social work Speech and language therapy
Related syndromes	Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes Pierre Robin syndrome Popliteal pterygium syndrome Van der Woude syndrome
National and international organisations	Cleft Lip and Palate Association Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland Interplast North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service Operation Smile Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal Shriners Hospitals for Children Smile Train Transforming Faces Worldwide Smile Angel Foundation (China)