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Proselytism

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A Christian proselytizer trying to spread his faith in London, England

Proselytism (/ˈprɒsəlɪtɪzəm/) is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs.[1][2][3] Carrying out attempts to instill beliefs can be called proselytization.[4]

Sally Sledge discusses religious proselytization as the marketing of religious messages.[5] Proselytism is illegal in some countries.[6] Some draw distinctions between evangelism (or da'wah in Islamic terminology) and proselytism, regarding proselytism as involuntary or coerced; the two terms can also be understood to merely be synonyms.[7][8][9]

Etymology

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The English-language word proselytize derives from the Greek language prefix προσ- (pros-, "toward") and the verb ἔρχομαι (érchomai, "I come") in the form of προσήλυτος (prosélytos, "newcomer").[10] Historically, in the Koine Greek Septuagint and New Testament, the word proselyte denoted a Gentile who was considering conversion to Judaism.[citation needed] Although the word proselytism originally referred to converting to Judaism[11] (and earlier related to Gentiles such as God-fearers), it now implies an attempt of any religion or religious individuals to convert people to their belief.[citation needed]

Arthur J. Serratelli, the Catholic Bishop of Paterson, New Jersey, observed that the meaning of the word proselytism has changed over time.

[O]riginally, the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament passed the word 'proselyte' into modern languages with a neutral meaning. It simply meant a convert, someone who changed his or her opinion or religion. And, proselytism meant the attempt to persuade someone to make such a change. But, today proselytism is almost universally seen as a sinister activity when it comes to religious beliefs.[12]

The World Council of Churches has indicated that, when used pejoratively, proselytism refers to attempts at conversion by "unjust means that violate the conscience of the human person", such as by coercion or bribery.[13][better source needed]

Limits

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The right to change religion and to manifest religion is protected under Article 18 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights.[14] Limitations and regulations on proselytism are considered by some as infringements on freedom of religion and freedom of speech.[15]

Some countries such as Greece[16] prohibited all proselytism until 1994 when Jehovah's Witnesses were legally recognized as a religion and allowed to preach. Some countries such as Morocco prohibit it except for Islam.[citation needed] Some restrict it in various ways such as prohibiting attempts to convert children[citation needed] or prohibit offering physical benefits to new converts.[citation needed]

Religious groups also draw lines between what they are willing to do or not do to convert people. For instance the Catholic Church in Ad gentes states that "The Church strictly forbids forcing anyone to embrace the Faith, or alluring or enticing people by worrisome wiles."[17]

The World Council of Churches in The Challenge of Proselytism and the Calling to Common Witness[18] states the following:

19. Proselytism as described in this document stands in opposition to all ecumenical effort. It includes certain activities which often aim at having people change their church affiliation and which we believe must be avoided, such as the following:

  • making unjust or uncharitable references to other churches' beliefs and practices and even ridiculing them;
  • comparing two Christian communities by emphasizing the achievements and ideals of one, and the weaknesses and practical problems of the other;
  • employing any kind of physical violence, moral compulsion and psychological pressure e.g. the use of certain advertising techniques in mass media that might bring undue pressure on readers/viewers;
  • using political, social and economic power as a means of winning new members for one's own church;
  • extending explicit or implicit offers of education, health care or material inducements or using financial resources with the intent of making converts;
  • manipulative attitudes and practices that exploit people's needs, weaknesses or lack of education especially in situations of distress, and fail to respect their freedom and human dignity.

By faith

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The religions of the world are divided into two groups: those that actively seek new followers (missionary religions like Christianity) and those that do not (non-missionary religions). This classification dates back to a lecture given by Max Müller in 1873, and is based on whether or not a religion seeks to gain new converts. The three main religions classified as missionary religions are Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, while the non-missionary religions include Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism. Other religions, such as Primal Religions, Confucianism, and Taoism, may also be considered non-missionary religions.[19]

Baháʼí Faith

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In the writings of the Baháʼí Faith, the endeavour to attract people to the religion is strongly emphasized.[20] The process of attracting people to the religion is referred to as teaching.[20] The term proselytism is given the connotation of aggressively teaching the religion to others – as such, Bahaʼi proselytism is prohibited.[21]

Every Bahaʼi has the obligation of teaching their religion, as it is seen as the path toward bringing peace and justice to the world.[22] Some Bahaʼis become pioneers, moving to countries or cities where there are a small number of Bahaʼis, with the aim of helping to spread the religion.[20] Some other Bahaʼis move from place to place in a process called travel teaching.[20] When moving or travelling to other countries, Bahaʼis are encouraged to integrate into their new society and apply Bahaʼis principles in living and working with their neighbours. In total, however, only a small minority of Bahaʼis are directly teaching their religion to others.[21] Despite this, as of 2010, the religion had grown "at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region" over the previous 100 years.[23]

Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahaʼi Faith, wrote that those who would be teaching his religion should emphasize the importance of ethics and wisdom, and he counselled Bahaʼis to be unrestrained and put their trust in God. At the same time he stated that Bahaʼis should exercise moderation, tact and wisdom and not be too aggressive in their teaching.[22] In sharing their faith with others, Bahaʼis are cautioned to make sure the person they are proposing to teach is open to hearing what they have to say. In most countries becoming a Bahaʼi is a simple matter of filling out a card stating a declaration of belief. This includes acknowledgement of Bahá'u'llah as the messenger of God for this age, awareness and acceptance of his teachings, and intention to be obedient to the institutions and laws he established. It does not involve negating one's previous beliefs, due to the Bahaʼi belief in progressive revelation.

Christianity

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Main articles: Christianization, Christian mission, Evangelism, Forced conversion § Christianity, and List of converts to Christianity
Statue of St. Patrick of the Celtic Church, who was famous for proselytizing

Many Christians consider it their obligation to follow what is often termed the Great Commission in the final verses of the Gospel of Matthew: "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen."[24] The Acts of the Apostles and other sources contain several accounts of early Christians following this directive by engaging in individual conversations and mass sermons to spread the Good News.

Most self-described Christian groups have organizations devoted to missionary work which in whole or in part includes proselytism of the non-religious and people of other faiths (including sometimes other variants of Christianity). Jehovah's Witnesses[25] and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[26] are known in particular for their doctrinal emphasis on proselytizing.

The Moscow Patriarchate has repeatedly strongly condemned what it describes as Catholic proselytism of Orthodox Christians within Russia and has therefore opposed a Catholic construction project in an area of Russia where the Catholic community is small. The Catholic Church claims that it is supporting the existing Catholic community within Russia and is not proselytizing.[27][28][29] In 1993 the Balamand declaration on proselytism was released between the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches.

Muggletonians

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The Muggletonians, founded by John Reeve and Lodowick Muggleton in mid-17th century London, believed that if a person were exposed to the full tenets of their faith and rejected it they would be irretrievably damned. This risk tempered proselytization: they hesitated to expose people to loss of salvation which may explain their low numbers. In the mid-19th century two wealthy Muggletonians, Joseph and Isaac Frost, broke with this cautious approach and published several books about the faith.[30]

Indian religions

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Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Ashoka (260–218 BC), according to the Edicts of Ashoka

Proselytization is uncommon in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, especially because they are pluralistic. Instead of the choice of religion, justice is viewed as being determined by concepts such as karma and rebirth. Thus, proselytism is seen as unhelpful towards the pursuit of sādhanā (spiritual practice) and samskaras (intrinsic qualities).[citation needed]

Buddhism

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See also: Conversion to Buddhism and List of converts to Buddhism

Buddhism does not have an accepted or strong proselytism tradition, with the Buddha having taught his followers to respect other religions and the clergy.[31] Emperor Ashoka, however, sent imperial missionaries to various kingdoms and sent his son and daughter as missionaries to Sri Lanka following his conversion to Buddhism. Aggressive proselytizing is discouraged in the major Buddhist schools and Buddhists do not engage in the practice of proselytization.[31]

Some adherents of Nichiren Buddhism proselytise in a process called shakubuku.

The Dalai Lama has critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice.[32] He has stated that "It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others." In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization."[32] The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasized that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures."[33] In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement."[34]

Hinduism

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Main articles: Conversion to Hinduism, Forced conversion § Hinduism, and List of converts to Hinduism

Hinduism has a proselytism tradition. Classical Hinduism represents a diversity of views and theology. Its followers are free to follow any among the theistic, non-theistic or other traditions within Hinduism. Followers can pick or change to any philosophy or belief they fancy and worship any personal god or goddess in a manner they deem fit, given an unspoken but loud understanding that all paths are equally valid in their purest form. In the modern era, religious conversion from and to Hinduism has been a controversial subject. Many state the concept of missionary activity and proselytism is anathema to the precepts of Hinduism.[35]

While proselytism was not a part of the Hindu tradition, religious conversion to and between various traditions within Hinduism such as Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism has a long history. However, these traditions of conversion did not have to do with an idea which was more objectively valid, or the potential consequences of false ideas in the afterlife, but which was more conducive in understanding the unknowable Brahman as well as promoting righteousness throughout society.[36][37][38]

The debate on proselytization and religious conversion between Christianity, Islam and Hinduism is more recent, and started in the 19th century.[39][40] Religious leaders of some Hindu reform movements such as the Arya Samaj launched the Shuddhi movement to proselytize and reconvert Muslims and Christians back to Hinduism,[41][42] while those such as the Brahmo Samaj suggested Hinduism to be a non-missionary religion.[35] All these sects of Hinduism have welcomed new members to their group, while other leaders of Hinduism's diverse schools have stated that given the intensive proselytization activities from missionary Islam and Christianity, this "there is no such thing as proselytism in Hinduism" view must be re-examined.[35][41][43]

Hare Krishna Movement
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One group that takes in willing converts in Hinduism is the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), also known as Hare Krishnas. Devotees have no codified rituals of conversion, but promote recitation of the Hare Krishna mantra as a means to achieve a mature stage of love of God. ISKCON adherents view Krishna as the supreme deity that those of other faith traditions worship.[44] A commonly accepted notion among devotees is that ISKCON allows one to recognize the primacy of the supreme deity, Krishna, in the practices and traditions of other faiths. ISKCON promotes the concept of Sanatana-Dharma (Hinduism), the 'eternal law' that other faiths can uncover.[45]

Jainism

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Mahavira (599–527 BC), the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, developed an early philosophy regarding relativism and subjectivism known as Anekantavada. As a result of this acceptance of alternative religious practices, the phenomenon of proselytization is largely absent in these religions but not unknown. Converts are welcome to the Jain faith.

Sikhism

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Main article: List of converts to Sikhism

Sikhism is not a proselytizing religion and proselytism is largely discouraged "through force or inducement" out of the belief that each person has a fundamental right to practice their religion freely.[46]

Islam

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Main articles: Dawah, Islamic missionary activity, Islamization, List of converts to Islam, and Shahada

In Islam, inviting people to the religion is a meritorious activity. The Quran states,

There is no compulsion in the religion. The truth stands clear from error. Whoever rejects falsehood and believes in Allah has grasped a firm hand-hold that will never break, for Allah hears and knows (all things). Al-Baqara 256

The operative phrase /lā ikrāha fī d-dīni/ literally translates as "within the religion there is no hate-mongering", which makes more difficult to relate this ayah to the topic of proselytism. Muslim scholars consider this passage to mean that force is not to be used to convert someone to Islam. Muslims consider inviting others to Islam to be the mission originally carried out by the prophets of Allah and is now a collective duty of Muslims. The Quran states,

Invite (others) to the way of your Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching, and reason with them in ways that are best. Your Lord knows best who is straying from His path and who is being guided (towards it). Al Nahl ('The Bees', 16:125)

Here the operative phrase /udʿu ilà sabīli rabbika/ "Invite (command to a single male subject) to the way of your Lord" expresses the element direction /ilà/ "to" that is missing in 'The Cow', 2:256.

Judaism

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Further information: Conversion to Judaism and Forced conversion § Judaism

An important tenet of Judaism is that God's will is for people to exercise free will. As such, proselytizing is generally regarded as offensive in Judaism. Consequently, Judaism generally does not proselytize non-Jews. Instead, non-Jews are encouraged to follow Noahide Law, assuring a place in the world to come. In ancient times, these observant non-Jews could become geirim toshvim, a term still sometimes used informally to refer to those who strive to follow these laws and who will join the Jewish people in the world to come. A non-Jew who follows Noahide law is considered to believe in Noahidism; for this end, there is some minor outreach by Orthodox Jewish organizations.

Generally, Jews expect any convert to Judaism to come through their own accord. A common source of converts are those who have married a Jew, although there are also many people who join for spiritual or other personal reasons; these people are called "Jews by choice".[47] Rabbis will often discourage new members from joining, although they may provide guidance through seminars or personal meetings for those who are truly interested. Orthodox Judaism in theory neither encourages nor discourages conversion. Standards for conversion can be very challenging, but rabbis will acquiesce to persistent and sincere requests for conversion. Much emphasis is placed on gaining a Jewish identity.[48]

Although most Jewish organizations do not proselytize, Chabad practices Orthodox Judaism outreach to halachic Jews who are not observant.

Inherited membership

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See also: Ethnoreligious group

Sects of some religions, such as the Druze, Yazidis, and Yarsans, do not accept converts at all.[49][50][51]

See also

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References and sources

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References
  1. ^ "Definition of proselytism". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 11 July 2020. proselytism [...]
    1. the act or fact of becoming a proselyte; conversion.
    2. the state or condition of a proselyte.
  2. ^ "proselytism". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 25 November 2013. - "proselytism [...]
    1. the act or fact of becoming a proselyte; conversion.
    2. the state or condition of a proselyte.
    3. the practice of making proselytes."
  3. ^ "Definition of proselytize | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 26 March 2022. to convert or attempt to convert as a proselyte; recruit to a religion or other belief system.
  4. ^ "proselytization". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "proselytization ... The action or practice of making, or seeking to make, proselytes or converts; the work of proselytizing."
  5. ^ Sledge, Sally (2022). "Religious diversity and target marketing". In Brodowsky, Glen H.; Schuster, Camille P.; Perren, Rebeca (eds.). Handbook of Research on Ethnic and Intra-cultural Marketing. Research Handbooks in Business and Management series. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 9781800880054. Retrieved 28 December 2022. From an institutional standpoint, one might study how religious organizations – particularly those with a proselytizing imperative – communicate and market their messages to their adherents as well as to new members. ... Indeed, proselytizing itself may be studied as a marketing function ... .
  6. ^ Galina Lindquist, Don Handelman (2012). Religion, Politics, and Globalization: Anthropological Approaches, p. 224.
  7. ^ "Evangelization Vs. Proselytization". The Divine Mercy. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2021. To summarize the Holy Father's points, you could say that evangelization is all about trust, and proselytization is all about fear.
  8. ^ Brother André Marie (28 November 2016). "What is the Difference between 'Evangelism' and 'Proselytism'? A Serious Question". Catholicism.org. Retrieved 26 June 2019. Evangelizing the word — or 'proselytizing,' to use another word for it — has been the business of the Church since her foundation. Now we have heard in recent years that 'proselytism' is a bad thing.
  9. ^ "Gen Z Christians more open to share their faith than Millennials – Baptist News Global". Baptist News Global. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021. 'Sharing the gospel today is made harder than at any time in recent memory by an overall cultural resistance to conversations that highlight people's differences,' Barna said. 'Society today also casts a negative light on proselytization that many older Christians do not fully appreciate.'
  10. ^ προσήλυτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  11. ^ Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Bromiley ed, VI p 742
  12. ^ Wallace, Joseph. "The difference between proselytism and conversion", Diocese of Camden
  13. ^ Gros, Jeffrey; Meyer, Harding; Rusch, William G. (2000). Growth in Agreement II: Reports and Agreed Statements of Ecumenical Conversations on a World Level, 1982–1998. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9782825413296.
  14. ^ https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  15. ^ Garnett, Richard W. (2005). "Changing Minds: Proselytism, Freedom, and the First Amendment". 2 University of St. Thomas Law Journal 453.
  16. ^ "English translation of the Greek constitution – Article 13.2".
  17. ^ "Ad gentes". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  18. ^ Growth in Agreement II, p. 895
  19. ^ Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. Oxford University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7.
  20. ^ a b c d Smith, P. (2000). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-1-85168-184-6.
  21. ^ a b Hatcher, W.S.; Martin, J.D. (1998). The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion. New York, NY: Harper & Row. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-06-065441-2.
  22. ^ a b Smith, Peter (2008). An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-521-86251-6.
  23. ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Brian J. Grim (26 March 2013). "Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010". The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59–62. doi:10.1002/9781118555767.ch1. ISBN 9781118555767.
  24. ^ Matthew 28:19–20
  25. ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 1. ISBN 978-0094559400.
  26. ^ Walch, Tad (26 June 2007), "1 million missionaries for LDS Church – so far", Deseret Morning News, retrieved 27 November 2012
  27. ^ Kondrusiewicz, Archbishop Tadeusz (15 February 2002). "Moscow's Catholic Archbishop Responds to Alexy II's Accusations". Innovative Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  28. ^ Fagan, Geraldine (3 August 2005). "Altai officials prefer eyedrops and cattle to Catholics". Forum 18 News Service. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  29. ^ "Russian patriarch renews complaints on Catholic "proselytism"". Directions to Orthodoxy. 5 June 2005. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  30. ^ Lamont, W., Last Witnesses: The Muggletonian History 1652–1979, Ashgate Publishing, 2006, p. xiii, p. 174
  31. ^ a b O'Brien, Barbara (6 March 2017). "Proselytization and Buddhism". www.thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  32. ^ a b "First Day of Teachings for Asians". dalailama.com. The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 4 September 2019.
  33. ^ "The Dalai Lama Speaks Out Against Fashionable Buddhism in Europe". www2.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  34. ^ "INDIA: KUMBH MELA: DALAI LAMA | AP Archive". Associated Press Archive. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  35. ^ a b c Arvind Sharma (2011), Hinduism as a Missionary Religion, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-1438432113, pages 31–53
  36. ^ Jan Gonda, The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3: Southeast Asia, Religions at Google Books, pages 1–47
  37. ^ Richadiana Kartakusama (2006), Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective (Editors: Truman Simanjuntak et al.), Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-2624996, pp. 406–419
  38. ^ Reuter, Thomas (September 2004). Java's Hinduism Revivial [sic]. Hinduism Today.
  39. ^ Rafiuddin Ahmed (1992), Muslim-Christian Polemics, in Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages (Editor: Kenneth Jones), State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791408278, pages 93–120
  40. ^ Ayesha Jalal (2010), Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674047365, pages 117–146
  41. ^ a b CS Adcock (2014), The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199995448, pages 1–35, 115–168
  42. ^ Harold Coward (1987), Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0887065729, pages 49–60
  43. ^ Gauri Viswanathan (1998), Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691058993, pages 153–176
  44. ^ "Philosophy". International Society for Krishna Consciousness. iskcon.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  45. ^ Sebastian, Rodney; Parmeswaran (April 2008). "Hare Krishnas in Singapore: Agency, State, and Hinduism". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 23 (1): 81.
  46. ^ Āhalūwālīā, Jasabīra Siṅgha (1983). The sovereignty of the Sikh doctrine: Sikhism in the perspective of modern thought. Bahri. p. 47.
  47. ^ Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea. Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Transaction Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1.
  48. ^ Moss, Aron. "Why Do Rabbis Discourage Conversions? – Jewish Identity". Chabad.org. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  49. ^ The Druze permit no conversion, either away from or to their religion. retrieved 29 March 2015
  50. ^ CONVERSION vii. Modern Zoroastrians disagree on whether it is permissible for outsiders to enter their religion. retrieved 29 March 2015
  51. ^ "Kaka'is - The men with big moustaches ‌". www.pukmedia.com.
Sources
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