Jump to content

South African Navy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

South African Navy
Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot
Founded1st April 1922; 102 years ago (1922)
Country South Africa
TypeNavy
RoleNaval warfare
Size
  • 6,816 active personnel
  • 1,071 reserve personnel
Part of South African NDF
Garrison/HQSaldanha Bay, Simon's Town, Western Cape, South Africa
ColorsGreen and white
Fleet
Websitehttp://www.navy.mil.za
Commanders
Commander-in-chiefPresident Cyril Ramaphosa
Chief of the SANDFGeneral Rudzani Maphwanya
Chief of the NavyVice Admiral Monde Lobese
Master at Arms of the NavySenior Chief Warrant Officer Matee Molefe[1]
Notable
commanders		Admiral Hugo Biermann, Vice Admiral Refiloe Johannes Mudimu
Insignia
Ensign
Jack

The South African Navy (SA Navy) is the naval warfare branch of the South African National Defence Force.

The Navy is primarily engaged in maintaining a conventional military deterrent, participating in counter-piracy operations, fishery protection, search and rescue, and upholding maritime law enforcement for the benefit of South Africa and its international partners.[2][3]

Today the South African Navy is one of the most capable naval forces in the African region, operating a mixed force of sophisticated warships, submarines, patrol craft, and auxiliary vessels, with over 7,000 personnel; including a marine force.

With formerly deep historical and political connections to the United Kingdom, the first emergence of a naval organisation was the creation of the South African Division of the British Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1913, before becoming an nominally independent naval service for the Union of South Africa in 1922.[4]

In its history, South African naval vessels and personnel have participated in the First and Second World Wars, as well as the South African Border War. In the apartheid post-war era, the South African Navy was extensively aligned with NATO and other Western nations against the Soviet Bloc.[5]

History

[edit]

Beginnings

[edit]

Officially, the South African Navy can trace its origins back to the creation of the South African Naval Service on 1 April 1922. Unofficially, however, the Navy has an unbroken association with the Natal Naval Volunteers, formed in Durban on 30 April 1885, and the Cape Naval Volunteers, formed in Cape Town in 1905.[4] Loosely, and indirectly however, the earliest naval establishment was the Port Elizabeth Naval Volunteer Brigade, founded in 1861.[6] On 1 July 1913, following the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910,[7] the South African Division of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR[SA]) was established, although with complete organisational and operational control being directed by the Royal Navy.[4][8]

First World War

[edit]
SAS Immortelle, circa 1935

As part of the British Empire, South Africa went to war against the Central Powers on 4 August 1914,[9] despite significant Afrikaner opposition.[10] A total of 412 South Africans served in the RNVR[SA] during the war, with 164 members volunteering for the Royal Navy directly.[11] One officer and eight ratings died during the course of the war.[11] South Africans would see service on warships in European waters and the Mediterranean, as well as participate in the land campaigns in German South West Africa and German East Africa. Under Royal Navy jurisdiction, the RNVR (SA) patrolled South African waters in converted fishing vessels, helping in mine clearance in response to the operations of the German raider SMS Wolf in 1917,[12][13] as well as protecting the strategically important Royal Navy naval base at Simon's Town.

Interwar

[edit]

On 1 April 1922, the South African Naval Service (SANS) was formed and, alongside the RNVR (SA), tasked with the protection of territorial waters, minesweeping and hydrography.[11] In the same year, the SANS commissioned the small hydrographic survey ship HMSAS (His/Her Majesty's South African Ship) Protea, two minesweeping converted trawlers HMSAS Immortelle and HMSAS Sonneblom, and the training ship General Botha (the former 19th century cruiser HMS Thames)- all formerly in Royal Navy service. As a result of the Great Depression in 1929, coupled with lack of government investment, the SANS by 1939 had been forced to return all vessels to the Royal Navy.[14] At the outbreak of the Second World War, the service had only three officers and three ratings in its ranks.[4]

Second World War

[edit]

The British declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939 threw South Africa into a constitutional dilemma due to her status as an autonomous Dominion within the Commonwealth. Prime Minister J.B.M. Hertzog and other anti-British factions of the coalition United Party called for strict neutrality, whilst the more anglophile Deputy Prime Minister Jan Smuts advocated that South Africa was constitutionality, and morally, obliged to support Britain and fight fascism.[10] Two days later, after a close parliamentary vote of 80 to 67 in favour of Smuts, South Africa followed Britain and declared war on Germany.[10]

During October 1939, Rear-Admiral Guy Halifax, a retired Royal Navy officer living in South Africa, was appointed Director of the South African Naval Service, later renamed Seaward Defence Force (SDF) in January 1940.[15] Overseeing a large industrial program of converting civilian whalers and fishing trawlers into military vessels, despite being highly primitive, over 80 such craft would go on to be the backbone of the South African naval forces.

In South African waters, the SDF, in partnership with the Royal Navy, ensured maritime control around the strategic Cape Sea route and was primarily involved in coastal patrol, mine clearance, and significant anti-submarine operations between 1942 and 1945 due to a sustained U-boat offensive, with over 100 merchant ships being sunk off the South African coast.

Members of the South African Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve serving on board HMS Nelson during the Second World War

South African naval vessels similarly contributed to the Mediterranean theatre,[16] and later the Far East.[17] From 1941, South Africa assisted in escorting convoys along the North African coast, including the resupply and eventual evacuation of Tobruk, embarked on mine clearance operations, successfully engaged enemy submarines and undertook harbour salvage tasks. In 1942, a unified national naval service emerged following the successful amalgamation of the SDF and RNVR(SA), creating the South African Naval Forces (SANF).[8] As the war came to its end, South Africa received its first purpose-built warships, three Loch-class frigates from the Royal Navy.[14] Deployed to the Far East under British command, South Africa later contributed to operations to liberate Japanese held territory.[17]

In total, over 10,000 service personnel volunteered for service in the SANF, and its predecessors, with 324 losing their lives and 26 battle honours gained.[11]

Post war

[edit]

A year after the end of hostilities, on 1 May 1946 South African Naval Forces were reconstituted as part of the Union Defence Force before undertaking its final name change in July 1951, when the SANF officially became known as the South African Navy.[5] The year 1948 was a turning point, not only for South Africa as a country following the National Party's electoral victory, but also the direction of the Navy.[18] British influence became increasingly diminished and curtailed across the service. In 1952, the previously used ship prefix of HMSAS (His/Her Majesty's South African Ship) changed to just SAS (South African Ship),[19] in 1957, the Royal Navy transferred control of Simon's Town naval base to the SA Navy after 70 years of occupancy and later, in 1959, the St Edward's Crown, which had featured in the Navy cap badge and other insignia, was replaced by the Lion of Nassau from South Africa's coat of arms.[20]

HMS Wessex, seen in 1944, became SAS Jan van Riebeeck in 1950

In the immediate post-war years the South African Navy underwent significant levels of qualitative, and quantitative, expansion as the Royal Navy disposed of its surplus war materiel.[21] In 1947, two surplus Algerine-class minesweepers, were acquired from the United Kingdom, HMSAS Bloemfontein (ex Rosamund) and HMSAS Pietermaritzburg (ex HMS Pelorus), as well as the Flower-class corvette HMS Rockrose which was converted into the hydrographic survey ship HMSAS Protea. In 1950, South Africa further expanded her naval capability and purchased the first of two former British W-class destroyers, SAS Jan van Riebeeck, in 1952 SAS Simon van der Stel,[22] and later, the Type 15 anti-submarine frigate SAS Vrystaat (formerly HMS Wrangler).[23]

By the early 1960s, the South African Navy was fast reaching its highpoint of international inclusion and is generally considered to be the golden age of a well balanced, modern, and effective service optimised for conventional naval engagement alongside friendly Western international partners.[21]

From 1962 to 1964, the South African Navy received three British-built Type 12M frigates which formed the Presiden-class : SAS President Kruger, SAS President Steyn and SAS President Pretorius respectively.[22] These were first rate, ocean going fast fleet anti-submarine escorts that propelled the South African Navy into the age of a modern warship operator on equal footing with the West.[24][page needed] The order of three Daphné-class submarine from France in 1968[25]—to operate submarines for the first time—again catapulted the service further. The early 1970s would see the South African Navy operating at the height of its blue-water power projection ability with the first of the Daphné-class submarines, SAS Maria van Riebeeck, being commissioned in 1970, with SAS Emily Hobhouse and SAS Johanna van der Merwe entering service the following year.[25]

The second half of the 1970s however saw South Africa facing severe amounts of international isolation and criticism. In 1973 the UN labelled the policy of apartheid a "Crime against Humanity",[26] magnified further by the brutal state repression and subsequent mass incarcerations and deaths following the Soweto uprising in 1976[27] and the death of prominent anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in 1977.[28] The following year a UN arms embargo, loosely in place since 1962, became mandatory.[29] The ensuing international economic disinvestment from South Africa was stepped up, placing huge strains on the economy. Coupled with these severe problems, the cornerstones of the country's regional foreign policy faced collapse and complete transformation with the end of Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique in 1975,[30] and the negotiated settlement in Ian Smith's Rhodesia to the end of white minority rule in 1979.[31] As South Africa became increasingly involved in the Border War in South West Africa (modern day Namibia) and Angola, the Navy began to readjust its previous international outlook and organisation. The then Minister of Defence, P. W. Botha successfully sought military connections with Israel and nine "Reshef"—Warrior-class in South African service—missile strike craft were ordered in 1974.[22] Following the Soweto uprising and subsequent mandatory arms embargo, South Africa had been forced to accept the cancellation of another significant naval procurement of two new Type-69A light frigates and two Agosta-class submarines from France.[32]

In 1987, South Africa commissioned the locally designed and built Fleet Replenishment ship SAS Drakensberg. Constructed in Durban, it remains the largest and most sophisticated warship to ever have built in South Africa. Three years earlier, the Navy's other support ship, SAS Tafelberg, had undergone a refit that greatly increased her amphibious capabilities. A real boost for the Navy's influence, Tafelberg could deploy a company strength landing force, six landing craft, two medium helicopters and be equipped with a small hospital.[32][21] Throughout the decade, the South African Navy continued to participate in the Border War and coastal protection. For 23 years (1976–1989) the South African Navy maintained determined sea control around Southern Africa and provided valuable support to land operations.[33] By the end of the 1980s, as white minority rule was coming to a negotiated end, the Navy had lost all of its major surface warships, had a drastically reduced anti-submarine/anti-aircraft capability across the board, and almost complete international isolation.[11] As South Africa disentangled itself from external and internal security operations, the South African Defence Force underwent severe budgetary cuts. The Navy endured a reduction of personnel by 23%,[21] the disbandment of the Marines, the closure of two Naval Commands (Naval Command East and Naval Command West), two Naval Bases at Cape Town and Walvis Bay, and the termination of the relatively advanced program to domestically build replacement submarines.[34] A positive for the Navy during this period however was the acquisition of the multipurpose sealift/replenishment ship SAS Outeniqua, a former Soviet-built Arctic supply vessel, in September 1992 as a replacement for the 35-year-old Tafelberg.[35]

Despite the austere cutbacks, the Navy was leading the way for a South Africa that was slowly being welcomed back into the international community, even before the landmark elections of 1994. In 1990, the survey vessel SAS Protea became the first South African naval vessel to visit Europe since 1972, and in the same year SAS Drakensberg and two Warrior-class strike craft, SAS Jan Smuts and SAS Hendrik Mentz, sailed for Taiwan in what would be the first time South African vessels had been in the Far East since 1945. Other international visits in the following years included Zaire, Kenya, Bangladesh, Turkey, France, Portugal, and Uruguay.[11] As the "Rainbow nation" was lauded following the ANC victory in the first free democratic elections in 1994, one of the starkest symbols of this new era was the explosion of foreign warships and dignitaries visiting South African ports, often from countries that did not have a previous connection, such as Russia, Poland and Japan.[20] In 1994, 21 foreign vessels from eight countries called at South African ports, with 26 visits from 12 countries in 1995, and 27 from ten countries in 1996. In 1997 the navy celebrated 75 years, with 15 countries sending ships for the festivities.

The acute need to re-equip the navy, including the wider Armed Forces after the lifting of apartheid-era sanctions, was addressed by the Strategic Defence Package of 1999.[36] Better known as the infamous "Arms Deal", the acquisitions in the package, and those persons involved, have been repeatedly subject to substantive allegations of corruption, fraud and bribery.[37] A total of R30 billion (US$4.8 billion in 1999) was pledged to the purchase of modern military equipment. For the navy, its share led to a total transformation from a "brown-water" force of ageing missile patrol craft and short-range submarines, to a force with significant "green-water" combat capability once again.[38] In 2001, with an initial request of five vessels, later reduced to four, the German Meko A200SAN general purpose corvette design was procured (designated frigates in South Africa), along with four British Super Lynx naval helicopters, and three German Type 209/1400 diesel-powered submarines. Also under construction from 1991 were three locally built T-Craft inshore patrol boats.[21] As South Africa approached the millennium, and beyond, the ANC government gradually returned the Navy to a level of maritime power last seen in the 1960s and 1970s, and successfully reintegrated the service back into maritime operations with regional and international partners.[11]

South African Navy

[edit]
SAS Isandlwana docked at the V&A Waterfront, Cape Town

Surface fleet

[edit]

Commissioned into service from 2006, at a total cost of R9.65 billion, the four Meko A200SANs, the Valour class in South African service, became "easily the most powerful surface combatants in sub-Saharan Africa, and...restored South African naval pre-eminence."[39] Constructed with principles of stealthy design, the class has a 50% smaller radar signature of similar vessel size, 75% less infrared emissions, 20% lower life-cycle cost, 25% lower displacement and 30% fewer crew members.[40] Specifically designed to conduct sustained operations in the sea conditions found off the South African coast, the four frigates are able to undertake a range of tasks from maritime law enforcement, to civil support, and military operations such as area denial, gunfire support and intelligence collection. The embarked SuperLynx helicopters significantly improve and extend surveillance, as well as all-round operational capabilities. With a return to operating general-purpose, multi-mission warships, the Valour class have been hailed as modern, impressive and major regional anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine platforms. SAS Amatola, SAS Isandlwana, SAS Spioenkop, and SAS Mendi possess two four-cell launchers for eight Exocet surface to surface missiles, 16 to 32-cell domestically built Umkhonto VLS missiles for air defence, a single OTO Melara 76-millimetre (3.0 in) main gun, a twin Denel 35 mm (1.4 in) Dual Purpose Gun, two Oerlikon 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon, and two 12.7 mm (0.50 in) remotely operated guns.[40] However, as of 2024, budget cuts have resulted in only one of the four frigates being operational.[41]

As the SA Navy has a strength of only four primary surface warships, in an effort to improve asset availability in more routine littoral patrol operations and ease the stress on sophisticated, but ill-suited, warships, three previously decommissioned Warrior-class strike craft were modernised and recommissioned as offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) between 2012 and 2014 - SAS Isaac Dyobha, SAS Galeshewe and SAS Makhanda.[42][43] As of February 2023, only Makhanda remains in service. From June 2022, the Patrol Flotilla was strengthened by the commissioning SAS King Sekhukhune I, the first of three Multi-Mission Inshore Patrol Vessels (MMIPVs) being constructed by Damen Shipyards Cape Town.

Primarily, the Patrol Flotilla undertake the more traditional naval task of patrolling South Africa's exclusive economic zone and upholding maritime law enforcement. Ordinary tasks include anti-smuggling, monitoring against illegal immigration, search and rescue, fishery inspection, and routine border protection. With the ability to operate far out into the Cape and handle the often rough seas, the Flotilla is also expected to complement the navies combat ability, particularly when undertaking anti-piracy patrols in the Mozambique Channel.[44]

Reflecting their new policing role, the Warriors' old Skerpioen missile launchers and the rear 76 mm gun was removed. In replacement, the craft have gained the capacity to support a small rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB) and a limited contingent of Naval Infantry for boarding suspect vessels, as well as maintaining their original 20 mm cannon and 12.7 mm heavy machine guns.[45]

As of 2020, two River-class coastal mine countermeasures vessels are still in service with the SA Navy, however, they are believed to have lost their mine-hunting capabilities due to the retirement of the antiquated PAP104 autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Whilst still maintaining a decompression chamber for operational diving, the River class are now deployed on general coastal defence duties, and are equipped with a single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, two 12.7 mm machine guns, and a RHIB.

Alongside the Warrior and River classes are the more modern T Craft class, with three entering service from 1992. Constructed with twin-hulled catamarans of glass-reinforced plastic sandwich construction, three have also been built for Israel in 1997. The T Craft, with their far lighter construction and smaller size, undertake maritime security patrols considerably closer to the shore and inspect various inlets and bays. SAS Tobie, SAS Tern, and SAS Tekwane are equipped with a single 12.7 mm Browning machine gun and have the capacity to embark a RHIB with a small complement of Naval Infantry to inspect vessels.[46]

Submarine fleet

[edit]

Between 2004 and 2008, three German built Type 209/1400 submarines were delivered as a like for like replacement for the obsolescent Daphné-class submarines. The Heroine class represents a significant upgrade of the navy's sub-surface force due to considerable advancement in underwater performance and endurance.[47]

South African submarines SAS Charlotte Maxeke (S102) and SAS Queen Modjadji (S103), accompanies the United States Navy Los Angeles-class submarine USS San Juan (center), into False Bay in Simon's Town, South Africa on 4 November 2009.

As of 2020, South Africa is one of only three states on the African continent, along with Algeria and Egypt, that currently operate submarine assets, and the only state in the sub-Saharan region. At the same time, this capability was at risk of eroding. As of 2019, two of the submarines were reported to be in need of "urgent and complete" refits. The recommended approach was to move to a contracting phase in 2020. The Armscor annual report to parliament indicated that should the refits not take place, the submarine capability would not available after FY2022/23.[48] As of March 2021, the contracting phase had still not been initiated and no dates had been announced for any upgrades of the submarines.[49]

In August 2021 it was reported that Charlotte Maxeke was being refitted at the Armscor Dockyard. Funding in the amount of R189 million had reportedly been made available to ensure the completion of the refit during the 2023/24 financial year. Funding for the refit of Queen Modjadji was not available, though the reported focus of the Navy was to prioritise essential maintenance and repair of SAS Manthatisi (which had been last refitted during 2013/14) to ensure "expedited operational availability."[50] As of 2024, none of the submarines are seaworthy.[41]

Highly sophisticated vessels, the Heroine class' utility, aside from traditional anti-ship engagement and area denial, is its intelligence collection via special forces deployment. A series of modifications have been made to the class so as to undertake these clandestine operations.[21]

Currently fitted only with regular torpedo tubes, the Heroines do have optional UGM-84 Harpoon integration capacity for further anti-ship potential, however, as of 2020, this has not been utilised. Similarly, whilst currently not able to deploy any land attack armaments, Germany is developing a medium-range missile, the IDAS, for their own Type 209s which would primarily be targeted against air threats, but also small surface vessels and coastal land targets.[51]

Auxiliary fleet

[edit]

With the retirement of SAS Outeniqua in 2004, SAS Drakensberg is the sole fleet replenishment ship with the primary role of supporting combat vessels at sea.[52] Drakensberg is also modified to carry two RHIBs, as well as two landing craft utility (LCU) for limited amphibious use. Since the end of minority rule, Drakensberg has undertaken numerous humanitarian and anti-piracy operations, consistently shown the ‘rainbow flag’ on global voyages of goodwill, and reintegrated South Africa back into international naval exercises.[53]

The SA Navy continues to operate the specialist hydrographic survey vessel SAS Protea, which was commissioned in 1972.[54]

Marines

[edit]
Main article: South Africa Marine Corps

The South Africa Marine Corps was first established as a sub-branch of the Navy in 1951 until 1955 and then reformed in 1979 until 1990, both times with the primary purpose of protecting the country's harbours.[15] The Marines also acted as regular infantry during the war until 1988, as well as performing counter-insurgency operations inside South Africa.[55] The Marines had an amphibious landing capability by operating from SAS Tafelberg and SAS Drakensberg, with an elite company, named the Marine Amphibious Company (MAC), being formed to ensure beach-head capability for landing large task forces, along with a small elite reconnaissance detachment between 1983 and 1989. The Marines were disbanded on 18 January 1990, following a major restructuring of the Navy at the end of the South African Border War.[56]

In 2005, the decision was taken to create a Naval Rapid Deployment Force so that South Africa could commit more to peacekeeping operations across the continent, particularly in the Great Lakes region. In 2006, this force became the Maritime Reaction Squadron. The Maritime Reaction Squadron provides an amphibious, diving and small boat capability to the Navy, deploying infantry-trained South African Navy personnel in various peacekeeping roles within the African continent, as well as assisting in boarding operations at sea, and humanitarian and disaster relief.[57]

The squadron consists of the following components:[58]

  • Operational Boat Division (OBD) with 10 Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats and six Lima-class utility landing craft
  • Reaction Force Division (RFD) consisting of one naval infantry company with a command and support element
  • Operational Diving Division (ODD) consisting of four operational diving teams of 17 divers.

Current deployments

[edit]
The Standing NATO Maritime Group (SNMG) 1 in formation with South African navy warships SAS Amatola (F145), SAS Isandlwana (F146) and the submarine SAS Manthatisi (S101) while participating in Exercise Amazolo

The SA Navy maintains the traditional role of providing a credible military deterrent, protecting South African interests against possible enemy attack, and participating in African Union peacekeeping missions. As the likelihood of a naval engagement against a conventional enemy is extremely unlikely, the South African Navy today is primarily engaged in counter-piracy, fishery protection, and anti-smuggling operations.[21]

Deploying at least a single Valour-class frigate or one Heroine-class submarine, along with aircraft from the South African Air Force, the SA Navy often undertakes exercises with others, such as the United States Navy (Exercise Shared Accord/Southern Accord),[59] NATO naval battlegroups (Exercise Amazolo), the French Navy (the annual Exercise Oxide),[60] the German Navy (the biennial Exercise Good Hope),[61] the Royal Navy (ad hoc exercises when visiting South African waters),[62] the Indian Navy (the biennial Exercise IBSAMAR), the navies of Uruguay and Brazil (Exercises Atlasur and IBSAMAR),[63] and controversially, exercises with fellow BRICS members Russia and China (Exercise Mosi), which are due to take place following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[64]

For the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the navy provided air and sea security by deploying three frigates as guard ships off the cities of Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town.[65]

Operation Copper

[edit]

Since 2011, one of the SA Navy's major and long-standing focuses has been that of the anti-piracy initiative, Operation Copper. After increased pirate activity in the Mozambique Channel (a crucial import/export sea lane for South Africa),[66] and subsequent requests for help from fellow Southern African Development Community (SADC) members (Mozambique and Tanzania), the navy has routinely deployed assets in an effort to provide maritime security in the region.[67]

Since the operation first began, every Valour-class frigate has been deployed to the region on rotation, with the refurbished Warrior-class OPVs also being utilised. In 2012, the replenishment ship SAS Drakensberg was likewise deployed to the region, and alongside European warships, successfully captured seven Somail pirates. Elements of the Navy's Maritime Reaction Squadron (MRS) are routinely embarked on deployed warships so as to give the ability to board suspect vessels.[55]

Gaps in deployment have previously occurred as a result of mechanical issues, as well as the South African Air Force withdrawing C-47TP maritime patrol aircraft in 2016 from Mozambique due to maintenance problems and lack of sufficient aircrew.[68] In 2018 the SA Navy notably deployed two warships simultaneously for Operation Copper, and were independent of foreign support.[69]

Piracy, and other maritime crime, has fallen substantially in the Mozambique Channel since the SADC operation began in 2011. Due to the success of the operation, expenditure for the future 2021/22 deployment is estimated to be R38.9 million, down from R154 million the previous year.[70]

Operation Copper's mandate could be subject to official change as a result of increasing Islamist violence in the Cabo Delgado province of Mozambique.[71] On 9 August 2021, the SADC formally announced the deployment of troops into the troubled province. Alongside regional partners such as Botswana, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, the South African government has informed parliament that it intends to deploy 1,495 personnel to Mozambique. SAS Makhanda, a modernised Warrior-class patrol OPV, has reportedly been seen in Pemba, the capital of Cabo Delgado province.[72]

Operation Corona

[edit]

For the continued safeguarding of South Africa's borders, Operation Corona aims to combat illegal fishing, poaching, and smuggling within its territorial waters. The SA Navy plans to carry out five maritime patrols in line with Operation Corona, with 84 days of surface and 22 days of subsurface patrols allocated for the financial year 2020/21.[73] Deploying to known hotspot areas, the SA Navy works alongside other Government departments such as the SA Police Service and Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, in an effort to deter rather than arrest.[74]

Relationship with Russian and Chinese Navies

[edit]

In February 2023, the South African Navy planned to engage in joint exercises with the Chinese and Russian navies that were to be held in waters off South Africa. The exercises, which were highly controversial given Russia's invasion of Ukraine, followed on a January 2023 visit by the Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov to Pretoria for meetings with his South African counterpart.[75] Although the exercises were similar to exercises held in previous years, some suggested that they signalled a significant shift in South African policy toward more overt military engagement with China and Russia.[76][77] The exercise began on 18 February and involved the frigate Admiral Gorshkov and the tanker Kama from the Russian Navy[78] along with the destroyer Huainan, the frigate Rizhao and the support ship Kekexilihu from the Chinese Navy. Several vessels from the South African Navy were expected to participate including the frigate Mendi as well as the Warrior-class patrol vessel King Sekhukhune I and the hydrographic survey vessel Protea.[79]

In April of the same year, the Chinese surveillance ship Yuan Wang 5 docked at Cape Town, overlapping with the presence of the Iranian Navy vessels, Makran and Dena.[80]

In September 2024 it was reported that the Russian training ship Smolnyy had docked in Cape Town for a port visit.[81]

Future of the South African Navy

[edit]

As the SA Navy enters the 2020s, the service faces significant challenges if it is to arrest its current decline.[21] At the opening of the South African Maritime Security Conference on 31 May 2018 in Cape Town, Chief of the Navy Vice Admiral Hlogwane warned that:

‘the navy sits at the crossroads where its very existence is threatened... Some of the countries in the SADC are injecting financial resources to build their military capacity through acquisition programmes. Conversely, South Africa is on a path of reduced defence expenditure.”[82]

At a speech a year later on 12 July 2019, Hlongwane, recognising the struggling economy, again reminded his audience that:

“in the absence of a clear and present military threat, the government will find it difficult to justify spending large sums of money on defence. The platforms acquired under the Strategic Defence Packages (four frigates and three submarines) are beginning to suffer from lack of funds for support and maintenance, [and] urgently require refits in order to keep them operational to the end of their 30-year design lives...while the new hydrographic survey vessel and IPVs are modern robust ships fully suited to perform their missions, they will not significantly improve the combat capability of the SAN which is required to defend our country and national interests in terms of our constitutional mandate...the naval balance of power is shifting on our continent.”[83]

Budget

[edit]

The South African defence budget has been on a downward trajectory since 1994 when expenditure was 2.56% of GDP. In 2010, that level was 1.12%, and in 2020, expenditure is expected to fall to around 0.95%, its lowest level since 1960.[84][85] For 2020/21, the Defence Budget totals R52.4 billion (£2.4 billion[86]),[87] with the SA Navy being allocated R4.9 billion (£226 million[86]), roughly 9%.[88] South African defence spending however has not matched recent inflation levels, an average of 5% annually,[89] which has pushed the Department of Defence deeper into financial difficulties and operational consequences.

As a whole, the Defence Budget for 2020/21 has been given 87% of its required funding, a shortfall of R9.4 billion (£433 million[86]).[87] The SA Navy for 2020/21 has been allocated only 65% of what is reportedly required, a shortfall of R2.8 billion (£130 million[86]). As a result of the declining financial situation, the Navy has warned that it will seriously struggle to maintain its current capabilities, levels of investment, and international commitments.[88] As a result of COVID-19, as well as ongoing problems within the South African economy, GDP is expected to fall by 5.6% in 2020/21, with significant ramifications for the country and the South African Navy.[90]

Operational hours

[edit]

In 2013/14, the SA Navy operated with an annual target of 22,000 hours at sea. By 2018/19 this number had been lowered to 12,000 hours, with a further reduction to 10,000 hours annually from 2019/20.[91] By its own admission, the Navy requires a minimum of 12,000 hours (500 days) at sea per year to sufficiently train personnel, with an absolute minimum of 7,800 hours dedicated annually to fulfil its Force Employment obligations of border protection, maritime security, and anti-piracy operations.[92] Despite these requirements, by 2019/20 the SA Navy is financially resourced for only 6,000 hours at sea, and only 4,320 hours allocated for Force Employment operations. Vice Admiral Hlongwane has warned:

“Should sea hours be reduced below 10 000 per year, the SA Navy will decline rapidly and...any further reduction in sea hours will impact severely on individual and team training at sea, maintaining safety at sea and the safe navigation of all SA Navy vessels.”[92]

Skills recruitment

[edit]

In addition, the SA Navy is facing an acute skills shortage which is severely frustrating vessel availability. Vice Admiral Hlongwane stated that "the Navy Engineering capability is now extremely limited, which will increasingly impact on the safety and seaworthiness of ships and submarines and their ability to deploy."[93] It is currently a cause for concern whether or not the SA Navy has the required skills to fully crew multiple highly sophisticated warships and submarines simultaneously.

Future acquisitions

[edit]

Despite the current budgetary crisis within South African defence spending, the purchase of the three new inshore patrol vessels (IPVs), termed Project Biro and also the procurement of a new hydrographic survey vessel, Project Hotel have been approved in recent years. These acquisitions have been linked to the Government's broader aims of development of the ocean economy - Operation Phakisa.[94][95] With 90% of imports and exports dependent on the sea, South Africa's exclusive economic zone which is reportedly rich in natural resources, and the estimated loss of nearly $23bn annually to illegal and unregulated fishing, the SA Navy has successfully argued that maritime security is crucial to the national interest and economic development.[96]

Project Biro

[edit]

Since 2013, the ambition for the SA Navy was the domestic construction of three offshore, and a minimum of six (later reduced to three) inshore patrol vessels as a replacement for the increasingly aged Warrior-class OPVs and River-class OPV/IPVs, as part of Project Biro. However, in 2018 it was confirmed that only the three MMIPVs (multi-mission inshore patrol vessel) would be constructed, with the OPVs being cancelled as a cost-saving measure.[97] The new vessels will also be named the Warrior-class, and cost R3.6 billion.[98]

Whilst the introduction of these three modern IPVs will immediately play a crucial role in maritime law enforcement, it has been regretted by analysts that the offshore craft option was not also financially feasible. It had been hoped that the OPVs, with their helicopter carrying abilities, would have played a much more effective role in policing South Africa's extensive exclusive economic zone (1.5 million km),[99] particularly in the rough seas of the Cape. It was even reported in 2011 that nine OPVs could be constructed, without any IPVs, due to the rough sea state off the coast and the practical experience gained which favoured larger vessels.[100]

In 2021, it was announced that the aging Warrior-class OPVs would undergo phased decommissioning as the new Warrior-class IPVs come online.[101]

First laid down in February 2019 at Damen Shipyards Cape Town (DSCT), the timeline of delivery to the SA Navy of all three vessels is March 2022, June 2023 and September 2024 respectively. Armscor, the state acquisition agency, has an option from DSCT to purchase additional inshore patrol vessels at the same price the original three were bought for.[98]

Project Hotel

[edit]

The second future acquisition programme for the SA Navy falls under Project Hotel, the replacement of the sole hydrographic survey vessel SAS Protea. The construction of this new vessel, currently being built by Durban-based Sandock Austral Shipyard, will represent a major upgrade in capability for the Navy. Whilst SAS Protea was built in 1972, her replacement will be based on Vard Marine's VARD 9 105 science vessel, specifically adapted for South African service and ‘incorporates the latest hydrographic and oceanographic sensor suite’.[102] The ship will be an evolution from the Vard Marine designed HMS Echo and HMS Enterprise which have been in Royal Navy service since 2002.[103]

Also as part of Project Hotel, the SA Navy will receive two next-generation survey motor boats, one sea boat, and another inshore survey motor boat to be kept ashore in reserve, as well as upgrading shore-based hydrographic infrastructure.[104] The project has a current completion date target of August 2023, with the first of the motor boats being launched in September 2020.[105]

Issues

[edit]

As of 2020, the SA Navy's main projects are under serious threat from years of underfunding, as well as recent budget cuts. Allocation of funding for Projects Biro (modern inshore patrol vessels) and Hotel (replacement hydrographic survey vessel), as well as the Army's Project Hoefyster (new infantry combat vehicles), amounts to R2.8 billion (£129 million),[86] however the required level of funding needed is expected to be R13.7 billion (£633 million),[86] nearly a R11 billion shortfall (£508 million).[86] It is currently unclear how these projects will be financed if they continue to proceed.[106]

Similarly, Project Syne and Project Napoleon, the planned and urgently required midlife overhauls for the Valour class and Heroine class respectively, are both currently on hold due to lack of adequate funding. According to a 2021 Department of Defence (DoD) progress report, the full repair cost requirement of R1.470 billion is only 53.4% funded, with R786 million allocated.[107] The SA Navy is currently finding it difficult to effectively resource the growing backlog of refits, maintenance periods, and repair projects that are needed. With each delay due to financial insufficiency and every vessel that continues to operate without adequate maintenance, the SA Navy is pulled deeper into a vicious cycle of exacerbating known issues and escalating longer-term costs, until a point of forced reduced vessel availability.

Command, control & organisation

[edit]

The command structure is depicted below.[108]: 59 [109] The Chief of the Navy, based at Navy Headquarters at the Navy Office (SAS Immortelle) located in Pretoria, is head of the South African Navy. All operational forces, including ships and submarines, fall under the control of the Flag Officer Fleet who is based in Simon's Town.

Chief of the SA Navy
Vice Adm M. Lobese[110]
Deputy Chief Navy
R Adm Bubele Mhlana[111] 		Chief of Naval Staff
R Adm S Makhanya[112] 		Chief Director Maritime Strategy
R Adm M Nkomonde[113] 		Flag Officer Fleet
R Adm H.T Matsane
Director Maritime Plans
R Adm (JG) W van Niekerk[110] 		Director Naval Personnel
R Adm (JG) X. T. Hakoma[114] 		Director Maritime Warfare
R Adm (JG) S F Du Toit[115] 		Chief of Fleet Staff
R Adm (JG) L M Hendricks[115] 		Director Fleet Force Preparation
Inspector General (SA Navy)
R Adm (JG) S Msikinya[114] 		Director Naval Logistics Director Maritime Intelligence
R Adm (JG) M Bongco[116] 		Director Fleet Logistics
R Adm (JG) Joseph Ikaneng[117] 		Director Fleet Human Resources
-
Naval Budget Manager
Mrs R. Mamaguvhi[110] 		Director Naval Transformation
R Adm (JG) I Mzimande[115] 		Director Maritime Diplomacy & Strategy
R Adm (JG) M.J. Josias[110] 		Director Naval Engineering Services
R Adm (JG) B Mvovo[115] 		Flag Officer Commanding NB Simons Town
R Adm (JG) J. Dlamini[110]
Director Naval Reserves
R Adm (JG) R. Ndabambi[110] 		Director Fleet Quality Assurance
Capt (SAN) M. A Boucher

Fleet Command

[edit]
Main article: Fleet Command (SA Navy)

Fleet Command includes all vessels and units of the Navy other than Naval Headquarters, Pretoria. Fleet Command is based in Simon's Town under control of Flag Officer Fleet.[108]

Four directorates are responsible for the day to day control of Fleet Command:[108]: 70 

  • Director Fleet Force Preparations (DFPP) is responsible for the day-to-day running of the ships and submarines and for ensuring their operational readiness. The Maritime Reaction Squadron and NavComCens also report to DFFP
  • Director Fleet Human Resources (DFHR) is responsible for all training and manning and also controls the training units.
  • Director Fleet Quality Assurance (DFQA) is responsible for the output of Fleet Command and monitoring quality assurance throughout Fleet Command
  • Director Fleet Logistics (DFL) is responsible for all Logistics units as well as for the maintenance of the fleet.
[edit]
A view of Simon's Town and the naval base

The Navy operates the following Naval Bases:[108]: 149 

  • Naval Base Simon's Town – the largest and main naval base currently used by the South African Navy. Constructed by the Dutch East India Company in 1743, and later developed by the Royal Navy, the base was transferred to South Africa in 1957 as part of the Simon's Town Agreement and expanded in 1975. Simon's Town is the homeport of the frigate and submarine flotillas, as well as housing training facilities.
  • Naval Base Durban – constructed during the Second World War to better serve the deployment of naval vessels off the eastern coast of Africa, particularly after the Japanese declaration of war in 1941.[17] In 2002 Durban was downgraded to a Naval Station with much of the infrastructure being taken over by the Army and later abandoned. In 2012, the decision was taken to renovate and expand the facilities. However, it was announced in 2020 that due to budget constraints, the reclassification of Durban as a fully operational Naval Base would be delayed.[citation needed] The station is currently home to the fleet's offshore patrol flotilla and will continue to be so after the delivery of replacement offshore/inshore vessels.[118]
  • Naval Station Port Elizabeth – provides support to the fleet and host to visiting ships, however no major vessels are based here.[119]

Training units

[edit]
  • SAS Saldanha – located on the West Coast and provides training and development for ratings.[120]
  • SAS Wingfield – located in the Greater Cape Town area. Historically provided practical training for apprentices, but now offers training to both ratings and officers.
  • SAS Simonsberg – located in Simon's Town and provides training in gunnery, anti-submarine warfare, communications, diving and seamanship. Simonsberg also includes:
    • Maritime Warfare Training Centre.
    • Submarine Training Centre, East Yard.
    • Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, Damage Control Training Centre.
    • Military Training Centre, West Yard.
  • South African Naval College - located in Gordon's Bay, the establishment provides training for naval officers.

Personnel

[edit]

As of the end of the financial year 2018/19, there were approximately 6,816 active uniformed members of the SA Navy, just short of the 7,071 target.[121] In addition, there are a further 1,071 civilian staff that further support the Navy.[122]

In 2006, the old Naval Reserve Units that were modelled on the Royal Naval Reserve system were closed down. A new Navy Reserve system was created consisting of roughly 1,000 reserve posts. These posts are pooled and members are drawn from them as needed to augment full-time units and ships' companies.

Uniforms

[edit]

From 1922 to the 1940s the SA Navy was effectively an extension of the Royal Navy, and therefore wore the same uniforms and similar insignia. As British influence was gradually curtailed, in 1959 the British Crown in the SA Navy cap badge was replaced with the Lion of Nassau from the crest of the country's coat of arms. A black beret later replaced the peaked cap in working uniforms.[108]

In 2000 the new Coat of Arms was unveiled and the Chief of the Navy tasked Fleet Command to look at revising the Navy uniforms to reflect the new coat of arms. This saw new rank insignia for non-commissioned officers being implemented as well as the introduction of a side cap.[108]

Ranks

[edit]
Main article: South African military ranks § Navy

Due to historical influence, the rank system is based on that of the Royal Navy.[123]

Commissioned officer ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 South African Navy[124]
Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral
(junior grade) 		Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Sub lieutenant Ensign

Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 South African Navy[124]
Warrant officer class 1 Warrant officer class 2 Chief petty officer Petty officer Leading seaman Able seaman Seaman
[edit]
Main article: South African Naval Ensign
Ensigns of the South African Navy
  • 1922–1946
    1922–1946
  • 1946–1951
    1946–1951
  • 1951–1952
    1951–1952
  • 1952–1959
    1952–1959
  • 1959–1981
    1959–1981
  • 1981–1994
    1981–1994
  • 27 April 1994 – 11 November 1994
    27 April 1994 – 11 November 1994
  • 1994–present
    1994–present
[edit]
Jacks of the South African Navy
  • 1922–1928
    1922–1928
  • 1928–1981
    1928–1981
  • 1981–1994
    1981–1994
  • 1994–present
    1994–present

Ships and weapons

[edit]

Ships

[edit]
Main articles: List of active South African Navy ships and List of decommissioned ships of the South African Navy
Class Image Type Origin Number Commissioned Displacement Note
Submarines (3)
Heroine class Guided-missile attack submarine  Germany 3 2005-2007[125] 1,654 tonnes Modifed Type 209 1400-Mod submarines. The Heroine class submarines were purchased to replace the three South African Navy Daphné class submarines.
Frigates (4)
Valour class Stealth guided-missile frigate  Germany

 South Africa

4 2006-2007[126] 3,759 tonnes The Valour class frigates include the general guided-missile, anti-surface and anti-air roles making it a multi-capable frigate, these frigates also employ the use of stealth technology to avoid enemy radar and infra-red detection.
Patrol vessels (33)
Warrior class Multi-role inshore patrol vessel  South Africa 3 (+12 planned) 2022-2024[127] 1,031 tonnes Three vessels ordered with all completed by February 2024. In total the Navy plans to have 15 inshore and 15 larger offshore patrol vessels in service.[128]
Warrior class strike craft Offshore patrol vessel  South Africa

 Israel

1 1979-1986[129] 450 tonnes Eight vessels retired. To be replaced by the Warrior class multi-role patrol vessels.
T class Inshore patrol vessel  South Africa 3 1992-1996[130] 37 tonnes
Namacurra class Harbour patrol vessel  South Africa 26 1981[131] 5 tonnes
Mine warfare ships (2)
River class Minesweeper  South Africa 2 1981[132] 390 tonnes
Auxiliary ships (13)
Drakensberg class Replenishment vessel  South Africa 1 1987[133] 12,500 tonnes Largest vessel to be constructed in South Africa and the largest vessel in service with the South African Navy. Soon to be replaced by a new larger vessel.
Protea class Survey vessel  United Kingdom 1 1972[134] 2,750 tonnes Replacement under construction.
Nelson Mandela class Hydrographic survey vessel  South Africa 1 (Under construction) 2025[135] - Replacement for the Protea class survey vessel. Based on the Vard Marine 9 105 design. The vessel will be launched in March 2024 and handed over to the South African Navy in 2025.
Tugboat Coastal and harbour tugs  South Africa 5 (+7 under construction) 1995-2016[136] - Damen Shipyards Cape Town awarded contract to deliver seven tugboats from April to August 2024.[137]
Lima class Image not available Landing craft utility  South Africa 6 1990[138] -

Air force maritime aircraft

[edit]

Although the SA Navy does not operate any aircraft itself, aircraft used on or supporting ships are operated by 22 Squadron SAAF:

There is a planned programme to equip the frigates with UAVs to supplement the helicopters. Previously before its retirement, the SAAF operated the Westland Wasp for the SA Navy in the anti-submarine warfare role.

[edit]
Weapon systems of the South African Navy
Type Manufacturer Model Photo Origin Platform
Anti-ship missile MBDA Exocet MM40 Block 2[140]  France Valour-class frigate (8 missiles in 2 quad-packed launchers)
Surface-to-air missile Denel Dynamics Umkhonto IR Block 2[141]  South Africa Valour-class frigate (16/32 missiles in a vertical launching system)
Torpedo Atlas Elektronik 533mm (21") Atlas Elektronik SUT 264 heavyweight torpedo  Germany Heroine-class submarine (8 bow tubes with 14 torpedoes)
Naval gun Oto Melara/Otobreda OTO Melara 76mm/62 compact  Italy Valour-class frigate (1 foredeck gun), Warrior-class Offshore Patrol Vessel (1 foredeck gun)
Close-in weapon system Denel Land Systems Denel 35mm Dual Purpose Gun  South Africa Valour-class frigate (2 GA35 rapid-fire automatic cannons mounted side by side in an unmanned low radar observable turret)
Remote weapon system Reutech Solutions 12.7mm Sea Rogue or 20mm Super Rogue[142]  South Africa Valour-class frigate (2 Sea Rogue turrets), Warrior-class multi-role patrol vessel (1 Super Rogue turret)
Autocannon Denel Denel Land Systems GI-2  South Africa Valour-class frigate (2 guns), Warrior-class Offshore Patrol Vessel (2 guns), SAS Drakensberg (4 guns), River-class minehunter (1 gun)
12.7mm Heavy machine gun General Dynamics, FN Herstal, U.S. Ordnance or Manroy Engineering (UK) M2 Browning  United States
7.62mm General purpose machine gun Browning Arms Company, FN Herstal or Denel Land Systems Browning M1919, FN MAG or Vektor SS-77  South Africa
[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wingrin, Dean (2 February 2018). "New Master-At-Arms for the Navy". Defenceweb. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  2. ^ "Role of the SA Navy - Page 3". www.navy.mil.za. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Fact file: The SA Navy's mandate". defenceWeb. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Potgieter, T. D. (2000). "Maritime defence and the South African Navy to the cancellation of the Simon's Town agreement". Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. 30 (2). doi:10.5787/30-2-173. ISSN 2224-0020.
  5. ^ a b Heitman, Helmoed-Römer. (1985). South African war machine. Bromley: Galago. ISBN 0-946995-80-X. OCLC 122701325.
  6. ^ "South African Navy History". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  7. ^ "South Africa Act | South Africa [1909]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  8. ^ a b "History of the SA Navy". www.navy.mil.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  9. ^ Stevenson, D. (2005). 1914-1918 : the history of the First World War. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-190434-4. OCLC 688607944.
  10. ^ a b c Steyn, Richard (2015). Jan Smuts: unafraid of greatness. Johannesburg. ISBN 978-1-86842-694-2. OCLC 930862265.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Wessels, Andre (30 July 2009). "The South African Navy and its Predecessors, 1910–2010: A Century of Interaction with Commonwealth Navies" (PDF).
  12. ^ "SMS Wolf - German Raider". National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  13. ^ Schmalenbach, Paul (1979). German raiders : a history of auxiliary cruisers of the German Navy, 1895-1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-824-7. OCLC 6530715.
  14. ^ a b Colledge, J. J. (1987–1989). Ships of the Royal Navy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-652-X. OCLC 17457850.
  15. ^ a b "5 – National Security". South Africa: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1997. ISBN 0-8444-0796-8. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  16. ^ Wessels, Andre (December 1994). "The first two years of war: the development of the Union Defence Forces". Journal for Contemporary History.
  17. ^ a b c Wessels, Andre (June 1996). "South Africa and the war against Japan 1941–1945". Journal for Contemporary History.
  18. ^ "Book 4: Industrialisation, Rural Change and Nationalism - Chapter 3 - Afrikaner Nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s by Albert Grundlingh | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  19. ^ Militaria: periodical for military history, vol. 10–11, Director General Personnel, 1980, p. 12
  20. ^ a b "South African Navy - Unlikely Ambassadors". navy.mil.za. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Baker, Deane-Peter (2012). "The South African Navy and African Maritime Security". Naval War College Review. 65 (2): 145–166. JSTOR 26397290 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ a b c Du Toit, Allan (1992). South Africaʼs fighting ships: past and present. Rivonia: Ashanti Pub. ISBN 1-874800-50-2. OCLC 28233391.
  23. ^ English, John I. (2008). Obdurate to Daring : British fleet destroyers 1941–1945. Windsor: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8. OCLC 836982554.
  24. ^ Bennett, Chris (2006). Three frigates: President Class frigates bring the SA Navy to maturity. Durban: Just Done Productions Pub. ISBN 978-1-920169-02-2. OCLC 85497021.
  25. ^ a b "SAS Assegaai to be preserved as museum". defenceWeb. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  26. ^ "1973 UN Convention on Apartheid as a Crime Against Humanity". www.politicsweb.co.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  27. ^ "The Soweto Uprising". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  28. ^ Mangcu, Xolela (20 September 2013). Biko: a life. London. ISBN 978-0-85772-277-5. OCLC 867081392.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ "Security Council Resolution 418". unscr.com. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  30. ^ Abbott, Peter; Botham, Philip; Rodrigues, Manuel Ribeiro; Heitman, H.-R.; Chappell, Mike; Volstad, Ron. Modern African wars. London. ISBN 0-85045-728-9. OCLC 15260394.
  31. ^ "Report Of The Special Committee On The Situation With Regard To The Implementation Of The Declaration On The Granting Of Independence To Colonial Countries And Peoples". United Nations General Assembly. 2. January 1980 – via JSTOR.
  32. ^ a b Wessels, Andre (December 2006). "The South African Navy during the years of conflict in southern Africa, 1966-1989". Journal for Contemporary History. 32 (3): 283–303.
  33. ^ Steenkamp, Willem (2006). Borderstrike! : South Africa into Angola 1975-1980 (3rd ed.). Durban, Pretoria: Just Done Productions. ISBN 1-920169-00-8. OCLC 774843141.
  34. ^ Bennett, Chris (2011). South African naval events : day-by-day, 1488 to 2009. Simon's Town, South Africa: Naval Heritage Trust. ISBN 978-0-620-43014-2. OCLC 730229500.
  35. ^ Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2004). Jane's fighting ships, 2004-2005 (107th ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2623-1. OCLC 56023988.
  36. ^ Williams, Rocky (2004). "National defence reform and the African Union" (PDF). SIPRI Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute: 237.
  37. ^ Feinstein, Andrew (10 January 2007). "Bright hopes betrayed". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  38. ^ Hill, Liezel. "SA navy to have all new corvettes and submarines by 2007". www.engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  39. ^ "South Africa Boosts Naval Capabilities: But can it afford an expansion? | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses". idsa.in. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  40. ^ a b "Fact file: Valour-class small guided-missile frigates". defenceWeb. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  41. ^ a b "Why South Africa's army is floundering in Congo". The Economist. The Economist Group. 10 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Revamped strike craft ready for counter-piracy duty". defenceWeb. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  43. ^ "Navy commences upgrade of fourth strike craft". defenceWeb. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  44. ^ "Navies versus Coast Guards: Defining the Roles of African Maritime Security Forces". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  45. ^ "Southern African Shipyards refurbishing Navy strike craft". defenceWeb. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  46. ^ "Patrol Forces". www.navy.mil.za. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  47. ^ "Fact file: Heroine-class diesel-electric submarine". defenceWeb. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  48. ^ "SA Navy frigate and submarine midlife upgrades on hold". defencewebco.za. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  49. ^ "Midlife upgrades for SAN platforms on hold pending funding – Armscor". defencewebco.za. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  50. ^ Martin, Guy (20 August 2021). "Refit of SA Navy frigates and submarines stalled by lack of funding". Defence Web. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  51. ^ "IDAS Missile System - Naval Technology". naval-technology.com. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  52. ^ "SANDF gets rid of surplus". News24. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  53. ^ Gerber, Jan. "Terrorism: Insurgency in Mozambique can spread to neighbours, Military Intelligence warns". News24. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  54. ^ "Fact file: Hecla (Protea)-class hydrographic vessel". defenceWeb. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  55. ^ a b Manganyi, Calvin (January 2012). "South African Journal of Military Studies - Resurrection of the marine capability in the South African Navy: the Maritime Reaction Squadron". Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. 40 (3): 429–471.
  56. ^ Pitta, Robert. (1993). South African Special Forces. Fannell, Jeff. London: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-295-1. OCLC 29710035.
  57. ^ "Maritime Protection Squadron". www.navy.mil.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  58. ^ "Exercise Xena testing Maritime Reaction Squadron". defenceWeb. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  59. ^ Africa, U. S. Army. "STAND-TO!". www.army.mil. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  60. ^ "No Exercise Oxide this year". defenceWeb. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  61. ^ "Exercise Good Hope V concludes". www.dod.mil.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  62. ^ "Royal Navy in exercise with SA sub". defenceWeb. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  63. ^ "'Exercise IBSAMAR' between India, South Africa, Brazil begins tomorrow". The Economic Times. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  64. ^ "Joint naval military exercise code-named Mosi in South Africa". Navy Recognition. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  65. ^ "Navy ready to defend World Cup". defenceWeb. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  66. ^ mozambique. "Maritime patrol mission in the Mozambique Channel: Operation Copper extension for another year to cost South Africa R154 million". Mozambique. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  67. ^ "Operation Copper still up and running". defenceWeb. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  68. ^ "SAAF no longer part of Op Copper in Mozambique". defenceWeb. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  69. ^ "SA Navy two platform deployment returns from Op Copper duty". defenceWeb. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  70. ^ "Ramaphosa authorises extension of SA's continental military deployments". defenceWeb. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  71. ^ "SA in "conversation" with Mozambique on Op Copper". defenceWeb. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  72. ^ "SADC mission in Mozambique launched". Janes.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  73. ^ "Five maritime patrols this year under Operation Corona". defenceWeb. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  74. ^ Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2018/19 (PDF). South African Department of Defence. p. 80.
  75. ^ "Russian frigate docks in South Africa ahead of joint naval drills with China and Russia". CNN. 14 February 2023.
  76. ^ "Russia, South Africa and a 'redesigned global order': The Kremlin's hearts and minds machine is steaming ahead". CNBC. 26 January 2023.
  77. ^ "Why is South Africa's navy joining exercises with Russia and China?". BBC. 17 February 2023.
  78. ^ "Russia, China and South Africa began naval maneuvers". Prensa Latina. 17 February 2023.
  79. ^ Ryabchiy, Kate (16 February 2023). "South Africa's naval drills with Russia, China "tantamount to joining war against Ukraine"". Euromaidan Press.
  80. ^ "Controversial Chinese "Spy Ship" Calls at Durban". The Maritime Executive. 5 April 2023.
  81. ^ Bartlett, Kate (5 September 2024). "Docking of Russian naval ship in South Africa sparks controversy". VOA News.
  82. ^ "Navy, Defence acknowledges it is in danger of sinking". defenceWeb. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  83. ^ "SA Navy falling behind other African states". defenceWeb. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  84. ^ "South Africa Military Spending/Defense Budget 1960-2020". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  85. ^ "South Africa - ratio of military expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) 2008-2018". Statista. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g South African Rand to Pound Sterling Exchange Rate: 01/10/2020
  87. ^ a b Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2020 (PDF). South Africa Department of Defence. p. 78.
  88. ^ a b Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2020 (PDF). South Africa Department of Defence. p. 86.
  89. ^ "Inflation rate: South Africa". Statista. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  90. ^ "South Africa - gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate 2021". Statista. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  91. ^ Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2020. South Africa Department of Defence. p. 68.
  92. ^ a b "Defence budget sinks Navy". defenceWeb. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  93. ^ "SA Navy in danger of losing frigate and submarine capabilities due to declining budget". defenceWeb. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  94. ^ Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2018/19 (PDF). South Africa Department of Defence. p. 39.
  95. ^ ISSAfrica.org (28 November 2014). "Avoiding the siren's song: will Operation Phakisa deliver prosperity?". ISS Africa. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  96. ^ "SA at sea over illegal fishing in its waters". The Mail & Guardian. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  97. ^ "Project Biro on schedule, with delivery for mid-2021". defenceWeb. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  98. ^ a b "First Project Biro vessel to be handed over next month". defenceWeb. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  99. ^ "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". www.seaaroundus.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  100. ^ Seaforth world naval review 2011. Waters, Conrad. Barnsley: Seaforth. 2010. ISBN 978-1-78346-631-3. OCLC 960976553.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  101. ^ "DoD updates cabinet on major acquisition projects". defenceWeb. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  102. ^ "Sandock Austral Shipyards making progress with Project Hotel". defenceWeb. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  103. ^ "VARD 9 105". Vard Marine. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  104. ^ "First survey motor boat for South African Navy launched". Janes.com. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  105. ^ "Paramount Maritime launches survey motor boat for SA Navy". defenceWeb. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  106. ^ "SA Navy projects under threat from budget cuts". defenceWeb. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  107. ^ "Refit of SA Navy frigates and submarines stalled by lack of funding". defenceWeb. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  108. ^ a b c d e f Bennett, Chris; Söderlund, Arne G. (2008). South Africa's Navy: A Navy of the People and for the People. SA Navy. ISBN 978-0-620-41446-3.
  109. ^ Mudimu, J. (18 May 2007). "Presentation on the Transformation of the SA Navy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  110. ^ a b c d e f "Organigram of the SA Navy" (PDF). navy.mil.za. Navy, RSA Department of Defence. Retrieved 27 July 2017.[permanent dead link]
  111. ^ "Senior SANDF appointments and promotions". DefenceWeb. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  112. ^ "New SANDF two-stars named". Defenceweb. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  113. ^ "New director: maritime strategy for SA Navy". Defenceweb. 23 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  114. ^ a b "More generals and admirals for the SA national defence force". DefenceWeb. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  115. ^ a b c d "SANDF adds to its one-star numbers". DefenceWeb. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  116. ^ "PROMULGATION: APPOINTMENTS AND/OR PROMOTIONS OF BRIG GENS/R ADM (JG) FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2020/21" (PDF). Dept of Defence. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  117. ^ Adriaanse, Dominic (28 March 2018). "Hard to say goodbye, says outgoing Naval College chief". Independent Newspapers. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  118. ^ "Plans for Salisbury Island elaborated". defenceWeb. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  119. ^ "PORT ELIZABETH". Africa Ports. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  120. ^ "SAS Saldanha Home Page". www.navy.mil.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  121. ^ Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2018/19 (PDF). South Africa Department of Defence. p. 153.
  122. ^ Annual Performance Plan (APP) 2018/19 (PDF). South Africa Department of Defence. p. 157.
  123. ^ "Vision & Mission". www.navy.mil.za. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  124. ^ a b "Rank Insignia". navy.mil.za. Department of Defence (South Africa). Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  125. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: Heroine-class diesel-electric submarine". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  126. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (8 February 2010). "Fact file: Valour-class small guided missile frigates". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  127. ^ "Third SA Navy MMIPV to be christened on Friday | defenceWeb". 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  128. ^ "SA Navy blesses third inshore patrol vessel amid CNavy warning on ship capacity | defenceWeb". 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  129. ^ Helfrich, Kim (23 November 2020). "SAS Galeshewe decommissioned". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  130. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: T-class Inshore Patrol Vessel". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  131. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  132. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: River-class inshore patrol vessel/minehunter". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  133. ^ Martin, Guy (10 November 2023). "SA Navy looking to replace SAS Drakensberg". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  134. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (15 February 2010). "Fact file: Hecla (Protea)-class hydrographic vessel". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  135. ^ Helfrich, Kim (14 August 2023). "New SAN hydrographic vessel "on track"". defenceWeb. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  136. ^ Martin, Guy (22 April 2016). "Navy accepts new tugs into the fleet". defenceWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  137. ^ "Third SA Navy MMIPV to be christened on Friday | defenceWeb". 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  138. ^ "Home". defenceWeb. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  139. ^ a b "Maritime Aircraft". South African Navy. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  140. ^ Engelbrecht, Leon. "Fact file: Valour-class frigates – defenceWeb". defenceweb.co.za. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  141. ^ "FRIGATES". navy.mil.za. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  142. ^ "Reutech supplying weapons and radars for Biro, Hotel | defenceWeb". 17 May 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navy of South Africa.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Navy&oldid=1254566235"