Booby

Booby; Temporal range: Miocene (Langhian) – recent
	Blue-footed booby displaying by raising a foot
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Suliformes
Family:	Sulidae
Genus:	Sula; Brisson, 1760
Type species
	Pelecanus leucogaster; Boddaert, 1783

Red-footed booby (Sula sula)

Brown booby (Sula leucogaster)

	Masked booby (Sula dactylatra)

	Nazca booby (Sula granti)

	Blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii)

	Peruvian booby (Sula variegata)

Cladogram showing the species in the genus Sula.^[2]

A booby is a seabird in the genus Sula, part of the family Sulidae. Boobies are closely related to the gannets (Morus), which were formerly included in Sula.

Systematics and evolution

The genus Sula was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.^[3] The type species is the brown booby.^[4] The name is derived from súla, the Old Norse and Icelandic word for the other member of the family Sulidae, the gannet.^[5]

The English name "booby" was possibly based on the Spanish slang term bobo, meaning "stupid",^[6] as these tame birds had a habit of landing on board sailing ships, where they were easily captured and eaten. Owing to this, boobies are often mentioned as having been caught and eaten by shipwrecked sailors, notably William Bligh of the Bounty and his adherents during their famous voyage after being set adrift by Fletcher Christian and his followers.^[7]

Six of the ten extant Sulidae species called boobies are in the genus Sula, while the three gannet species are usually placed in the genus Morus.^[8] Abbott's booby was formerly included in Sula but is now placed in a monotypic genus Papasula, which represents an ancient lineage perhaps closer to Morus. Some authorities consider that all ten species should be considered congeneric in Sula. However, they are readily distinguished by means of osteology. The distinct lineages of gannets and boobies are known to have existed in such form, since at least the Middle Miocene, c. 15 mya.^[9]

The fossil record of boobies is not as well documented as that of gannets, either because booby speciation was lower from the late Miocene to the Pliocene (when gannet diversity was at its highest), or because the booby fossil species record is as yet incomplete due to most localities being equatorial or in the Southern Hemisphere.

Behaviour

Boobies hunt fish by diving from a height into the sea and pursuing their prey underwater. Facial air sacs under their skin cushion the impact with the water. Boobies are colonial breeders on islands and coasts. They normally lay one or more chalky-blue eggs on the ground or sometimes in a tree nest. Selective pressures, likely through competition for resource, have shaped the ecomorphology and foraging behaviours of the six species of boobies in the Pacific.^[10]

List of species

Genus **Sula** – Brisson, 1760 – six species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blue-footed booby	Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882 Two subspecies S. n. nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882 – Pacific coast of Southern and Middle America S. n. excisa Todd, 1948 – Galápagos Islands	Gulf of California down along the western coasts of Central and South America down to Peru	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC ^[11]
Brown booby	Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) Four subspecies S. l. leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) – Caribbean and Atlantic Islands S. l. brewsteri Nathaniel Stickney Goss, 1888 – Pacific coasts of USA and Mexico S. l. etesiaca Thayer & Bangs, 1905 – Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia S. l. plotus (Forster, JR, 1844) – Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific	islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC ^[12]
Masked booby	Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831 Four subspecies S. d. dactylatra Lesson, 1831 S. d. melanops Hartlaub, 1859 S. d. tasmani van Tets, Meredith, Fullagar & Davidson, 1988 S. d. personata Gould, 1846	islands in tropical oceans	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC ^[13]
Nazca booby	Sula granti Rothschild, 1902	eastern Pacific from the islands in Baja California to the Galapagos islands and the Isla de la Plata in Ecuador and Malpelo in Colombia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC ^[14]
Peruvian booby	Sula variegata (Tschudi, 1843)	Peru	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC ^[15]
Red-footed booby	Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766) Three subspecies S. s. sula (Linnaeus, 1766) – Caribbean and southwest Atlantic islands S. s. rubripes Gould, 1838 – tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans S. s. websteri Rothschild, 1898 – eastern central Pacific	Sri Lanka, Christmas Island, eastern central Pacific	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC ^[16]

References

^ "Sula Brisson 1760 (booby)". PBDB. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
^ Patterson, S.A.; Morris-Pocock, J.A.; Friesen, V.L (2011). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 181–191. Bibcode:2011MolPE..58..181P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.021. PMID 21144905.
^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1 p. 60, Vol. 6 p.494.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 181. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
^ "Sula, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ "booby, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Alexander, Caroline (25 May 2004). The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0142004692.
^ Friesen, V. L.; Anderson, D. J.; Steeves, T.E.; Jones, H.; Schreiber, E.A. (2002). "Molecular support for species status of the Nazca Booby". The Auk. 119 (3): 820–826. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0820:MSFSSO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 82903466.
^ Olson, Storrs L. (1985). "The Fossil Record of Birds (Section X.G.5.a Sulidae)". In Farner, D.S.; King, D.S.; Parkes, K.C. (eds.). Avian Biology. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 79–238 [203–204]. hdl:10088/6553. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
^ van Oordt, F.; Torres-Mura, J. C.; Hertel, F. (2018). "Ecomorphology and foraging behaviour of Pacific boobies". Ibis. 160 (2): 313–326. doi:10.1111/ibi.12545.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula nebouxii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696683A132588719. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696683A132588719.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696698A132590197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696698A132590197.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula dactylatra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22736173A132666363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22736173A132666363.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula granti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22728990A132659882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728990A132659882.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula variegata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696686A132589026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696686A132589026.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula sula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696694A132589278. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696694A132589278.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

External links

Videos of several Booby species on The Internet Bird Collection. Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

[1] "Sula Brisson 1760 (booby)". PBDB. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2019-07-08.

[patterson2100-2] Patterson, S.A.; Morris-Pocock, J.A.; Friesen, V.L (2011). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 181–191. Bibcode:2011MolPE..58..181P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.021. PMID 21144905.

[3] Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1 p. 60, Vol. 6 p.494.

[4] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 181. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2017-11-21.

[5] "Sula, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[6] "booby, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[7] Alexander, Caroline (25 May 2004). The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0142004692.

[Friesen-8] Friesen, V. L.; Anderson, D. J.; Steeves, T.E.; Jones, H.; Schreiber, E.A. (2002). "Molecular support for species status of the Nazca Booby". The Auk. 119 (3): 820–826. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0820:MSFSSO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 82903466.

[9] Olson, Storrs L. (1985). "The Fossil Record of Birds (Section X.G.5.a Sulidae)". In Farner, D.S.; King, D.S.; Parkes, K.C. (eds.). Avian Biology. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 79–238 [203–204]. hdl:10088/6553. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2017-11-22.

[10] van Oordt, F.; Torres-Mura, J. C.; Hertel, F. (2018). "Ecomorphology and foraging behaviour of Pacific boobies". Ibis. 160 (2): 313–326. doi:10.1111/ibi.12545.

[11] BirdLife International (2018). "Sula nebouxii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696683A132588719. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696683A132588719.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[12] BirdLife International (2018). "Sula leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696698A132590197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696698A132590197.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[13] BirdLife International (2018). "Sula dactylatra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22736173A132666363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22736173A132666363.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[14] BirdLife International (2018). "Sula granti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22728990A132659882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728990A132659882.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[15] BirdLife International (2018). "Sula variegata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696686A132589026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696686A132589026.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[16] BirdLife International (2018). "Sula sula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696694A132589278. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696694A132589278.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

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